   Link: manifest
   Link: license
   Link: canonical
   [ ] Open main menu
     * Home
     * Random
     * Nearby
     * Log in
     * Donate
     * About Wikipedia
     * Disclaimers
   Wikipedia
   _____________________
   Search

                                    Arduino

   Article Talk
     * Language
     * Watch
     * Edit
   "LilyPad" redirects here. For other uses, see Lily pad (disambiguation).
   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
   For other uses, see Arduino (disambiguation).

   Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company,
   project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
   microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices.
   Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while
   software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or
   the GNU General Public License (GPL),^[1] permitting the manufacture of
   Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are
   available commercially from the official website or through authorized
   distributors.

                                    Arduino
   Arduino Logo Registered.svg Genuino-Logo.svg
   Arduino Uno - R3.jpg
   Arduino Uno SMD R3
   Developer        arduino.cc                       
   Manufacturer     Arduino                          
   Type             Single-board microcontroller     
   Operating system None (default) / Xinu            
                      * Atmel AVR (8-bit)            
   CPU                * ARM Cortex-M0+ (32-bit)      
                      * ARM Cortex-M3 (32-bit)       
                      * Intel Quark (x86) (32-bit)   
   Memory           SRAM                             
   Storage          Flash, EEPROM                    
   Website          arduino.cc                       

   Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
   The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O)
   pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or
   breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature
   serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on
   some models, which are also used for loading programs. The
   microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming
   languages, using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino
   language, inspired by the Processing language and used with a modified
   version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional compiler
   toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
   environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go.

   The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the
   Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy,^[2] aiming to provide a
   low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that
   interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
   examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple
   robots, thermostats and motion detectors.

   The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the
   founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of
   Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from
   1002 to 1014.^[3]

Contents

     * 1 History
          * 1.1 Founding
          * 1.2 Trademark dispute
          * 1.3 Post-dispute
     * 2 Hardware
          * 2.1 Official boards
          * 2.2 Shields
     * 3 Software
          * 3.1 IDE
          * 3.2 IDE 2.0
          * 3.3 Sketch
          * 3.4 Libraries
          * 3.5 Operating systems/threading
     * 4 Applications
     * 5 Recognitions
     * 6 See also
     * 7 Explanatory notes
     * 8 References
     * 9 Further reading
     * 10 External links

HistoryEdit

  FoundingEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The first Arduino ever made

   The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea
   (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy.^[2] At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp
   microcontroller at a cost of $50. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the
   development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under
   the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for
   co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The
   project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital
   projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed
   circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE based on
   Processing and library functions to easily program the
   microcontroller.^[4] In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another
   IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for
   the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring,
   was called Arduino.^[4]

   The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David
   Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.^[2]

   Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive
   versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated
   in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially
   produced,^[5] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users'
   hands.^[6]

  Trademark disputeEdit

   In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a
   company, Arduino LLC,^[7] to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino.
   The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be done by external
   companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding
   bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer
   ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.^[citation
   needed]

   At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered
   the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other
   co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino
   company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they
   originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already
   registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the
   trademark under control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014,
   Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new
   CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the
   website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original
   arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development
   team.^[8]^[9]^[10]

   In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.^[11]

   In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as
   brand name outside the United States.^[12]

   At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC
   co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto
   announced the merger of the two companies.^[13] Around that same time,
   Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino
   Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this
   decision was withdrawn later.^[14]^[15]

   In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic
   record... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even
   on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as
   holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some
   cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired
   reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and
   Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned
   those degrees.^[16] The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in
   July 2017, he reportedly pulled many open source licenses, schematics, and
   code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.^[17]

   By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI,
   founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe,
   acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the
   new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino
   AG.^[18]^[19]

  Post-disputeEdit

   In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings
   (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a
   core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture".
   Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and
   architectures.^[20]

   Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing
   new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were
   branded again with the Arduino name. As of February 2020, the Arduino
   community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE
   downloads.^[21]

   In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool
   (arduino-cli), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program
   the boards from a shell.^[22]

   In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension
   of the Create online environment.^[23]

HardwareEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Arduino-compatible R3 Uno board made in China with no Arduino logo, but
   with identical markings, including "Made in Italy" text

   Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are
   distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license
   and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files^[24]
   for some versions of the hardware are also available.

   Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under
   copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino to be
   exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works
   without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino
   name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others
   into the official product.^[25] Several Arduino-compatible products
   commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names
   ending in -duino.^[26]

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   An early Arduino board^[27] with an RS-232 serial interface (upper left)
   and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14
   digital I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins at the lower
   right, and the power connector at the lower left.

   Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller
   (ATmega8,^[28] ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with
   varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.^[29] The 32-bit
   Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.^[30] The
   boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
   connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These
   may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly
   stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I^2C serial bus.
   Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator
   or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad,^[31] run at 8 MHz
   and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific
   form-factor restrictions.

   Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that
   simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default
   bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader.^[32] Boards are
   loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some
   serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between
   RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals.
   Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB),
   implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some
   boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
   separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is
   reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the
   Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial
   adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with
   traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard
   AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used.

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations

   The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use
   by other circuits. The Diecimila,^[a] Duemilanove,^[b] and current Uno^[c]
   provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width
   modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six
   digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female
   0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also
   commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare
   Bones Board^[33] and Boarduino^[34] boards may provide male header pins on
   the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

   Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are
   functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably.
   Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in
   school-level education,^[35] to simplify making buggies and small robots.
   Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes
   retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use
   different processors, of varying compatibility.

  Official boardsEdit

   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
   Further information: List of Arduino boards and compatible systems

   The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company
   Smart Projects.^[36] Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the
   American companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries.^[37] As
   of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially
   produced.

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino RS232^[38]
       (male pins)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Diecimila^[39]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Duemilanove^[40]
       (rev 2009b)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Uno R2^[41]^[42]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Uno SMD R3^[43]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Leonardo^[44]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino micro(AtMega 32U4)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino pro micro (AtMega32U4)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Pro^[45]
       (No USB)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Mega^[46]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Nano^[47]
       (DIP-30 footprint)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino LilyPad 00^[48]
       (rev 2007) (No USB)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Robot^[49]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Esplora^[50]

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Ethernet^[51]
       (AVR + W5100)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Yún^[52]
       (AVR + AR9331)

     * [IMG] 

       Arduino Due^[53]
       (ARM Cortex-M3 core)

  ShieldsEdit

   Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards
   called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin
   headers.^[54] Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other
   applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal
   display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be
   made do it yourself (DIY).^[55]^[56]^[57]

     * [IMG] 

       Some shields offer stacking headers which allows multiple shields to
       be stacked on top of an Arduino board. Here, a prototyping shield is
       stacked on two Adafruit motor shield V2s.

     * [IMG] 

       Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format, allowing
       bare-end wires to be connected to the board without requiring any
       specialized pins.

     * [IMG] 

       Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a Secure Digital (SD) card slot and
       real-time clock (RTC) chip along with some space for adding components
       and modules for customization.

     * [IMG] 

       Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors.
       Officially discontinued, this shield may still be available through
       unofficial channels.

     * [IMG] 

       The Adafruit motor shield V2 uses I^2C, requiring vastly fewer digital
       I/O pins than attaching each motor directly.

     * [IMG] 

       A USB host shield which allows an Arduino board to communicate with a
       USB device such as a keyboard or a mouse.

SoftwareEdit

   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style

                              Arduino Software IDE
   Arduino IDE - Blink.png 
   Screenshot of Arduino IDE showing Blink program
   Developer(s)     Arduino Software                             
   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
   Stable release   1.8.16 / 6 September 2021; 7 months ago^[58] 
   Written in       Java, C, C++                                 
   Operating system Windows, macOS, Linux                        
   Platform         IA-32, x86-64, ARM                           
   Type             Integrated development environment           
   License          LGPL or GPL license                          
   Website          www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software              

   A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language
   with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor.
   Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit
   ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio
   (newer).^[59]^[60]^[61]

  IDEEdit

   The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform
   application (for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in
   the Java programming language. It originated from the IDE for the
   languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features
   such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
   indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple
   one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board.
   It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
   for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code
   for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version
   2.^[62]

   The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of
   code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the
   Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures.
   User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
   sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a
   program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the
   GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE
   employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text
   file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a
   loader program in the board's firmware.

   From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only Windows 7
   or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32
   application" error when trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on
   older machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy
   "arduino-builder" executable from version 11 to their current install
   folder as its independet from IDE. ^[63]

  IDE 2.0Edit

   On October 18, 2019, Arduino Pro IDE (alpha preview) was released. Later,
   on March 1, 2021, the beta preview was released, renamed IDE 2.0. The
   system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements
   include a more professional development environment, autocompletion
   support, and Git integration.^[64] The application frontend is based on
   the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. The main features available in the new
   release are:^[65]

     * Modern, fully featured development environment
     * Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro
       Mode (File System view)
     * New Board Manager
     * New Library Manager
     * Board List
     * Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only)
     * Git Integration
     * Serial Monitor
     * Dark Mode

  SketchEdit

   A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.^[66] Sketches are
   saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension
   .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension
   .pde.

   A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:^[67]

     * setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after
       power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and
       output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is
       analogous to the function main().^[68]
     * loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is
       executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until
       the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function
       while(1).^[69]

   Blink example

   Power LED and Integrated LED on Arduino Compatible Board 
   Enlarge
   Power LED (red) and User LED (green) attached to pin 13 on an Arduino
   compatible board

   Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a current
   limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a
   convenient feature for many tests and program functions.^[70] A typical
   program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink", which
   repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This
   program uses the functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which
   are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE
   environment.^[71]^[72]^[73] This program is usually loaded into a new
   Arduino board by the manufacturer.

 # define LED_PIN 13                  // Pin number attached to LED.

 void setup() {
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);       // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
 }

 void loop() {
     digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);    // Turn on the LED.
     delay(1000);                    // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
     digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);     // Turn off the LED.
     delay(1000);                    // Wait 1 second.
 }

  LibrariesEdit

   The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the
   publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to
   augment their projects.

  Operating systems/threadingEdit

   There is a Xinu OS port for the atmega328p (Arduino Uno and others with
   the same chip), which includes most of the basic features.^[74] The source
   code of this version is freely available.^[75]

   There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are
   described as "extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for
   severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or
   wireless sensor network nodes.^[76]

ApplicationsEdit

     * Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
     * Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
     * Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
     * ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.
     * C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of
       computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM)
       with robotics.
     * Data loggers for scientific research.^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]
     * OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface
       found in most modern cars
     * OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger
     * XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino
     * Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino
       Simulation

RecognitionsEdit

   The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital
   Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Electronica.^[81]

   The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or
   Further Education Digital Services" in 2020.^[82]

See alsoEdit

     *  Free and open-source software portal
     * icon Electronics portal
     * List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
     * List of open-source hardware projects

Explanatory notesEdit

    1. ^ Diecimila means "ten thousand" in Italian
    2. ^ Duemilanove means "two thousand and nine" in Italian
    3. ^ Uno means "one" in Italian

ReferencesEdit

   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
    1. ^ "Getting Started: FOUNDATION > Introduction". arduino.cc. Archived
       from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
    2. ^ ^a ^b ^c
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       David Kushner (2011-10-26). "The Making of Arduino". IEEE Spectrum.
    3. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Justin Lahart (27 November 2009). "Taking an Open-Source Approach to
       Hardware". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2014-09-07.
    4. ^ ^a ^b
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Hernando Barragán (2016-01-01). "The Untold History of Arduino".
       arduinohistory.github.io. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
    5. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "How many Arduinos are "in the wild?" About 300,000". Adafruit
       Industries. May 15, 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
    6. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino FAQ – With David Cuartielles". Malmö University. April 5,
       2013. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
    7. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Business Entity Summary for Arduino LLC". Mass.gov. State of
       Massachusetts.
    8. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Allan, Alasdair (6 March 2015). "Arduino Wars: Group Splits, Competing
       Products Revealed?". makezine.com. Maker Media, Inc. Retrieved 21
       April 2015.
    9. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Banzi, Massimo (19 March 2015). "Massimo Banzi: Fighting for Arduino".
       makezine.com. Maker Media, Inc. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
   10. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Williams, Elliot (28 March 2015). "Arduino SRL to Distributors: "We're
       the Real Arduino"". Hackaday.com. Hackaday.com. Retrieved 21 April
       2015.
   11. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino LLC vs Arduino SRL lawsuit; United States Courts Archive".
       Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   12. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Announces New Brand, Genuino, Manufacturing Partnership with
       Adafruit". Make. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
   13. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Blog – Two Arduinos become one". Arduino Blog. October 2016.
       Retrieved 2016-10-02.
   14. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Free Arduino | Make". Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers.
       2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
   15. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "The Arduino Foundation: What's Up?". Hackaday. 2017-06-19. Retrieved
       2017-12-22.
   16. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino's New CEO, Federico Musto, May Have Fabricated His Academic
       Record". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
   17. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Biggs, John. "CEO controversy mars Arduino's open future". TechCrunch.
       Retrieved 2017-12-22.
   18. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Blog – A new era for Arduino begins today". Arduino Blog. 28
       July 2017. Retrieved 19 Jan 2018.
   19. ^ Tom Davis: BCMI Acquires Arduino AG and Makers Breathe a Sigh of
       Relief 31 July 2017 techwombat.com, accessed 29 November 2018
   20. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino reborn partners with ARM". Electronics Weekly. 2017-10-06.
       Retrieved 2017-11-03.
   21. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (2020-02-04). "Open-source HW in the Modern
       Era: Interview of Arduino's CEO Fabio Violante". EE Times Europe.
       Retrieved 2020-06-23.
   22. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Announcing the Arduino Command Line Interface (CLI)". Arduino Blog.
       2018-08-24. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
   23. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Announcing the Arduino IoT Cloud Public Beta". Arduino Blog.
       2019-02-06. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
   24. ^ https://content.arduino.cc/assets/UNO-TH_Rev3e-reference.zip^[bare
       URL]
   25. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Policy". Arduino.cc. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
   26. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Freeduino Open Designs". Freeduino.org. Archived from the original on
       2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
   27. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Hardware Index". Arduino Project. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
   28. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Chip Hall of Fame: Atmel ATmega8". IEEE Spectrum: Technology,
       Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
   29. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - Products". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   30. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Microcontroller Maniacs Rejoice: Arduino Finally Releases the 32-Bit
       Due". Wired. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   31. ^ DI TORE, STEFANO, TODINO, MICHELE DOMENICO, PLUTINO, ANTONINA
       (2019). Le wearable technologies e la metafora dei sei cappelli per
       pensare a supporto del seamless learning. PROFESSIONALITÀ, vol. Numero
       4/II – 2019, p. 118-132, ISSN 0392-2790
   32. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Optiboot Bootloader for Arduino and Atmel AVR". GitHub. Retrieved
       2015-10-01.
   33. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Bare Bones Board (BBB) Kit". moderndevice.com. Retrieved 29 November
       2018.
   34. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "DC Boarduino (Arduino compatible) Kit (w/ATmega328) - v1.0".
       adafruit.com. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
   35. ^ Di Tore S, TODINO M. D., Sibilio S (2019). Disuffo: Design,
       prototyping and development of an open-source educational robot .
       FORM@RE, vol. 19, p. 106- 116, ISSN 1825-7321, doi:
       http://dx.doi.org/10.13128/formare-24446
   36. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Redirect..." smartprj.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
       Retrieved 2011-05-03.
   37. ^ Schmidt, M. ["Arduino: A Quick Start Guide"], Pragmatic Bookshelf,
       January 22, 2011, Pg. 201
   38. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - ArduinoBoardSerial". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February
       2018.
   39. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - ArduinoBoardDiecimila". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20
       February 2018.
   40. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - ArduinoBoardDuemilanove". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20
       February 2018.
   41. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Uno Rev3". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   42. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Smith, (c) 2018, W.A. "Differences Between the Arduino Uno Revision 2
       and Revision 3". startingelectronics.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   43. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - ArduinoBoardUnoSMD". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February
       2018.
   44. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Leonardo with Headers". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February
       2018.
   45. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Pro". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   46. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Mega official webpage (arduino.cc)". Retrieved 20 February
       2018.
   47. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Nano". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   48. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "LilyPad Arduino Main Board". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February
       2018.
   49. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Robot". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   50. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Esplora". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   51. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Ethernet Rev3 without PoE". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20
       February 2018.
   52. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Yún". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   53. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Due". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   54. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - ArduinoShields". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
   55. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino breadboard shield: $10 & 10 mins". todbot blog.
   56. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Shields for Prototyping". tigoe.net.
   57. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Jonathan Oxer. "Arduino Shield list". Retrieved 5 Nov 2013.
   58. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - ReleaseNotes". www.arduino.cc. Archived from the original
       on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
   59. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Using Atmel Studio for Arduino development". Megunolink.com. Archived
       from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
   60. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Using AVR Studio for Arduino development". Engblaze.com. Retrieved
       2013-01-18.
   61. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Ch Arduino". Retrieved 2016-10-07.
   62. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "arduino/Arduino". August 27, 2020 – via GitHub.
   63. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "arduino/Arduino". May 5, 2021 – via Arduino.cc.
   64. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Williams, Al (21 October 2019). "The Arduino IDE Finally Grows Up".
       Hackaday. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
   65. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Introducing new Arduino Pro IDE with advanced features". Seed Studio.
       21 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
   66. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Programming Arduino Getting Started with Sketches. McGraw-Hill. Nov 8,
       2011. ISBN 978-0071784221.
   67. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino - BareMinimum". www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
   68. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "setup() - Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc.
   69. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "loop() - Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc.
   70. ^ "Blink Tutorial". Arduino.cc.
   71. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "pinMode() - Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc.
   72. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "digitalWrite() - Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc.
   73. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "delay() - Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc.
   74. ^ Xinu AVR version (Arduino)
   75. ^ Xinu avr atmega328p source code
   76. ^ Dunkels, A., Schmidt, O., and Voigt, T. (2005). Using Protothreads
       for Sensor Node Programming. Proceedings of the REALWSN 2005 Workshop
       on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks (2005). Presented at the
       REALWSN 2005 Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks.
       Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4058
   77. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Beddows, Patricia A.; Mallon, Edward K. (2018-02-09). "Cave Pearl Data
       Logger: A Flexible Arduino-Based Logging Platform for Long-Term
       Monitoring in Harsh Environments". Sensors. 18 (2): 530.
       Bibcode:2018Senso..18..530B. doi:10.3390/s18020530. PMC 5856100.
       PMID 29425185.
   78. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Ali, Akram Syed; Zanzinger, Zachary; Debose, Deion; Stephens, Brent
       (2016-05-01). "Open Source Building Science Sensors (OSBSS): A
       low-cost Arduino-based platform for long-term indoor environmental
       data collection". Building and Environment. 100: 114–126.
       doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.010. ISSN 0360-1323.
   79. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Bardaji, Raul; Sánchez, Albert-Miquel; Simon, Carine; Wernand, Marcel
       R.; Piera, Jaume (2016-03-15). "Estimating the Underwater Diffuse
       Attenuation Coefficient with a Low-Cost Instrument: The KdUINO DIY
       Buoy". Sensors. 16 (3): 373. Bibcode:2016Senso..16..373B.
       doi:10.3390/s16030373. PMC 4813948. PMID 26999132.
   80. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       Lockridge, Grant; Dzwonkowski, Brian; Nelson, Reid; Powers, Sean
       (2016-04-13). "Development of a Low-Cost Arduino-Based Sonde for
       Coastal Applications". Sensors. 16 (4): 528.
       Bibcode:2016Senso..16..528L. doi:10.3390/s16040528. PMC 4851042.
       PMID 27089337.
   81. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Ars Electronica Archiv". Archived from the original on 2019-06-30.
       Retrieved 2015-03-27.
   82. ^
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       "Arduino Education nominated for Bett Award". Arduino Blog.
       2020-01-20. Retrieved 2020-07-01.

Further readingEdit

     * Massimo Banzi, Michael Shiloh; Make: Getting Started with Arduino; 3rd
       ed.; Make Community; 262 pages; 2014;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1449363338.
     * Jeremy Blum; Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering
       Wizardry; 2nd ed.; Wiley; 512 pages; 2019;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1119405375.
     * John Boxall; Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65
       Projects; 1st ed.; No Starch Press; 392 pages; 2013;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1593274481.
     * Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; Make: Sensors; 1st
       ed.; Make Community; 400 pages; 2014;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1449368104.
     * Simon Monk; Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with
       Sketches; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1260143249.
     * Simon Monk; Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches; 2nd
       ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 192 pages; 2016;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1259641633.
     * John Nussey; Arduino For Dummies; 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons; 400
       pages; 2018;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1119489542.
     * Jack Purdum; Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the
       Arduino; 2nd ed.; Apress; 388 pages; 2015;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1484209417.
     * Maik Schmidt; Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; 2nd ed.; Pragmatic
       Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 323 pages; 2015;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1941222249.

External linksEdit

   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arduino. 

     * Official website
     * How Arduino is open sourcing imagination, a TED talk by creator
       Massimo Banzi
     * Evolution tree for Arduino
     * Arduino Cheat Sheet
     * Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns
     * Arduino Shield Template
     * Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due, Esplora, Leonardo, Mega, Micro,
       Mini, Pro Micro, Pro Mini, Uno, Yun

   Historical

     * Arduino - The Documentary (2010): IMDb, Vimeo
     * Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110, FLOSS 61
     * Untold History of Arduino - Hernando Barragán
     * Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al. - United
       States Courts Archive
   Retrieved from
   "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arduino&oldid=1081845765"
   Last edited on 10 April 2022, at 01:28
   Wikipedia
     * This page was last edited on 10 April 2022, at 01:28 (UTC).
     * Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.
     * Privacy policy
     * About Wikipedia
     * Disclaimers
     * Contact Wikipedia
     * Terms of Use
     * Desktop
     * Developers
     * Statistics
     * Cookie statement
