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                                  Raspberry Pi

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   "RPi" redirects here. For other uses, see RPI. For the dessert, see
   Raspberry pie.

   Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/) is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs)
   developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in
   association with Broadcom.^[14] The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned
   towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and in
   developing countries.^[15]^[16]^[17] The original model became more
   popular than anticipated,^[18] selling outside its target market for uses
   such as robotics. It is widely used in many areas, such as for weather
   monitoring,^[19] because of its low cost, modularity, and open design. It
   is typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to its
   adoption of HDMI and USB devices.

                                  Raspberry Pi
   Raspberry Pi Logo.svg
   Raspberry Pi 4 Model B - Side.jpg
   Raspberry Pi 4 Model B
   Also known as      RPi, Raspi                                              
   Release date         * 29 February 2012; 10 years ago (Project)            
                        * 24 June 2019; 2 years ago (Current gen)             
                        * US$4.00 (Pi Pico)                                   
                        * US$35.00 (Pi 4 1GB RAM)                             
   Introductory price   * US$45.00 (Pi 4 2GB RAM)                             
                        * US$55.00 (Pi 4 4GB RAM)^[1]                         
                        * US$75.00 (Pi 4 8GB RAM)^[2]                         
                        * US$70.00 (Pi 400 4 GB)^[3]                          
                      Raspberry Pi OS                                         
                      FreeBSD                                                 
                      Linux                                                   
                      NetBSD                                                  
   Operating system   OpenBSD                                                 
                      Plan 9                                                  
                      RISC OS                                                 
                      Windows 10 ARM64                                        
                      Windows 10 IoT Core^[4]                                 
                      and OS-less Embedded RTL's.                             
                        * Pi 3 A+: Broadcom BCM2837B0^[5]                     
   System on a chip     * Pi 4 B: Broadcom BCM2711B0^[5]                      
                        * Zero W: Broadcom BCM2835^[5]                        
                        * CM 3+: Broadcom BCM2837B0^[6]                       
                        * Pi 3 A+: 1.4 GHz quad-core A53 64-bit^[5]           
   CPU                  * Pi 4 B: 1.5 GHz quad-core A72 64-bit^[5]            
                        * Zero W: 1 GHz ARM11 32-bit^[5]                      
                        * CM 3+: 1.2 GHz quad-core A53 64-bit^[6]             
                        * Pi 3 A+: 512 MB LPDDR2 SDRAM^[5]                    
   Memory               * Pi 4 B: 2, 4, or 8 GB LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM^[7]^[2]     
                        * Zero W: 512 MB LPDDR2 SDRAM^[8]                     
                        * CM 3+: 1 GB LPDDR2 SDRAM^[6]                        
   Storage            MicroSDHC slot, USB Mass Storage device for booting^[9] 
                        * Pi 3 A+: Broadcom VideoCore IV 400 MHz^[10]         
   Graphics             * Pi 4 B: Broadcom VideoCore VI 500 MHz^[11]          
                        * Zero W: Broadcom VideoCore IV^[12]                  
                        * CM 3+: Broadcom VideoCore IV^[10]                   
   Power              5 V; 3 A (for full power delivery to USB devices)^[13]  
   Website            www.raspberrypi.com Edit this at Wikidata               

   After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation
   set up a new entity, named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton
   as CEO, with the responsibility of developing technology.^[20] The
   Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the
   teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries.
   Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales,^[21] while others
   are made in China and Japan.^[22]^[23]

Contents

     * 1 Series and generations
          * 1.1 Raspberry Pi
          * 1.2 Raspberry Pi Zero
          * 1.3 Raspberry Pi Pico
          * 1.4 Model comparison
     * 2 Hardware
          * 2.1 Processor
               * 2.1.1 Performance
               * 2.1.2 Overclocking
          * 2.2 RAM
          * 2.3 Networking
          * 2.4 Special-purpose features
          * 2.5 Peripherals
          * 2.6 Video
          * 2.7 Real-time clock
     * 3 Connectors
          * 3.1 Pi Pico
          * 3.2 Pi Compute Module
          * 3.3 Pi Zero
          * 3.4 Model A
          * 3.5 Model B
          * 3.6 General purpose input-output (GPIO) connector
     * 4 Specifications
          * 4.1 Simplified Model B Changelog
     * 5 Software
          * 5.1 Operating systems
     * 6 Driver APIs
          * 6.1 Vulkan driver
          * 6.2 Firmware
          * 6.3 Third-party application software
          * 6.4 Software development tools
     * 7 Accessories
     * 8 Vulnerability to flashes of light
     * 9 Reception and use
          * 9.1 Community
          * 9.2 Education
          * 9.3 Home automation
          * 9.4 Industrial automation
          * 9.5 Commercial products
          * 9.6 COVID-19 pandemic
     * 10 Astro Pi and Proxima
     * 11 History
          * 11.1 Pre-launch
          * 11.2 Launch
          * 11.3 Post-launch
     * 12 Sales
     * 13 See also
     * 14 References
     * 15 Further reading
     * 16 External links

Series and generationsEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Raspberry Pi Zero, a US$7 model first introduced in 2015
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Raspberry Pi 3 B+, introduced in 2018
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Raspberry Pi 4 B, introduced in 2019
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Raspberry Pi Pico, introduced in 2021
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W introduced in 2021

   There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each
   have been released. Raspberry Pi SBCs feature a Broadcom system on a chip
   (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU) and
   on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU), while Raspberry Pi Pico has a
   RP2040 system on chip with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing
   unit (CPU).

  Raspberry PiEdit

     * The first generation (Raspberry Pi Model B) was released in February
       2012, followed by the simpler and cheaper Model A.
     * In 2014, the Foundation released a board with an improved design,
       Raspberry Pi Model B+. These first generation boards feature ARM11
       processors, are approximately credit-card sized and represent the
       standard mainline form-factor. Improved A+ and B+ models were released
       a year later.^[clarification needed] A "Compute Module" was released
       in April 2014 for embedded applications.
     * The Raspberry Pi 2 was released in February 2015 and initially
       featured a 900 MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor with 1 GB
       RAM. Revision 1.2 featured a 900 MHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
       processor (the same as that in the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, but
       underclocked to 900 MHz).^[24]
     * Raspberry Pi 3 Model B was released in February 2016 with a 1.2 GHz
       64-bit quad core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, on-board 802.11n Wi-Fi,
       Bluetooth and USB boot capabilities.^[25]
     * On Pi Day 2018, the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ was launched with a faster
       1.4 GHz processor, a three-times faster gigabit Ethernet (throughput
       limited to ca. 300 Mbit/s by the internal USB 2.0 connection), and 2.4
       / 5 GHz dual-band 802.11ac Wi-Fi (100 Mbit/s).^[26] Other features are
       Power over Ethernet (PoE) (with the add-on PoE HAT), USB boot and
       network boot (an SD card is no longer required).
     * Raspberry Pi 4 Model B was released in June 2019^[1] with a 1.5 GHz
       64-bit quad core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, on-board 802.11ac Wi-Fi,
       Bluetooth 5, full gigabit Ethernet (throughput not limited), two USB
       2.0 ports, two USB 3.0 ports, 1–8 GB of RAM, and dual-monitor support
       via a pair of micro HDMI (HDMI Type D) ports for up to 4K resolution.
       The version with 1 GB RAM has been abandoned and the prices of the 2
       GB version have been reduced. The 8 GB version has a revised circuit
       board. The Pi 4 is also powered via a USB-C port, enabling additional
       power to be provided to downstream peripherals, when used with an
       appropriate PSU. But the Pi can only be operated with 5 volts and not
       9 or 12 volts like other mini computers of this class. The initial
       Raspberry Pi 4 board has a design flaw where third-party e-marked USB
       cables, such as those used on Apple MacBooks, incorrectly identify it
       and refuse to provide power.^[27]^[28] Tom's Hardware tested 14
       different cables and found that 11 of them turned on and powered the
       Pi without issue.^[29] The design flaw was fixed in revision 1.2 of
       the board, released in late 2019.^[30] In mid-2021, Pi 4 B models
       appeared with the improved Broadcom BCM2711C0. The manufacturer is now
       using this chip for the Pi 4 B and Pi 400. However, the tack frequency
       of the Pi 4 B was not increased in the factory.
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Raspberry Pi 400 Kit
     * Raspberry Pi 400 was released in November 2020. It features a custom
       board that is derived from the existing Raspberry Pi 4, specifically
       remodelled with a keyboard attached. The case was derived from that of
       the Raspberry Pi Keyboard.^[31] A robust cooling solution (i.e. a
       broad metal plate) and an upgraded switched-mode power supply^[32]
       allow the Raspberry Pi 400's Broadcom BCM2711C0 processor to be
       clocked at 1.8 GHz, which is slightly higher than the Raspberry Pi 4
       it's based on.^[33] The keyboard-computer features 4 GB of LPDDR4 RAM.

  Raspberry Pi ZeroEdit

     * A Raspberry Pi Zero with smaller size and reduced input/output (I/O)
       and general-purpose input/output (GPIO) capabilities was released in
       November 2015 for US$5.
     * On 28 February 2017, the Raspberry Pi Zero W was launched, a version
       of the Zero with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, for
       US$10.^[34]^[35]
     * On 12 January 2018, the Raspberry Pi Zero WH was launched, a version
       of the Zero W with pre-soldered GPIO headers.^[36]
     * On 28 October 2021, the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W was launched, a version
       of the Zero W with a system in a package (SiP) designed by Raspberry
       Pi and based on the Raspberry Pi 3.^[37] In contrast to the older
       ones, the Pi 2 W is 64 bit capable.The price is around US$15.

  Raspberry Pi PicoEdit

     * Raspberry Pi Pico was released in January 2021 with a retail price of
       $4.^[38] It was Raspberry Pi's first board based upon a single
       microcontroller chip; the RP2040, which was designed by Raspberry Pi
       in the UK.^[39] The Pico has 264 KB of RAM and 2 MB of flash memory.
       It is programmable in MicroPython, CircuitPython, C and Rust. It has
       partnered with Vilros, Adafruit, Pimoroni, Arduino and SparkFun to
       build Accessories for Raspberry Pi Pico and variety of other boards
       using RP2040 Silicon Platform.^[40] Rather than perform the role of
       general purpose computer (like the others in the range) it is designed
       for physical computing, similar in concept to an Arduino.^[41]

  Model comparisonEdit

Family    Model SoC               Memory Form Factor       Ethernet      Wireless GPIO   Released  Discontinued 
                                  256 MB                                                 February               
          B                                                Yes                           2012      Yes
Raspberry                         512    Standard^[a]                             26-pin October   
Pi              BCM2835            MB                                    No              2012^[42] 
          A                       256 MB                   No                            2013                   
          B+                      512 MB                   Yes                           2014      
          A+                             Compact^[b]       No            
Raspberry B     BCM2836/7         1 GB   Standard^[a]      Yes           No                        
Pi 2                                                                                     2015
          Zero  BCM2835                                                  No       
          W/WH                                                                           2017      
Raspberry       BCM2710A1,^[43]                                                                    No
Pi Zero         custom Raspberry  512 MB Ultra-Compact^[c] No
          2 W   Pi                                                       Yes             2021
                system-in-package 
                RP3A0             
          B     BCM2837A0/B0      1 GB   Standard^[a]      Yes                    40-pin 2016      
Raspberry A+                      512 MB Compact^[b]       No            Yes             2018      
Pi 3      B+    BCM2837B0         1 GB   Standard^[a]      Yes (Gigabit  (dual           2018      
                                                           Ethernet)^[d] band)    
                                                                                                   March        
                                  1 GB                                                             2020^[45] to 
                                                                         Yes             2019^[44] October      
Raspberry B     BCM2711                  Standard^[a]      Yes (Gigabit  (dual                     2021^[46]    
Pi 4                              2 GB                     Ethernet)     band)                                  
                                  4 GB   
                                  8 GB                                                   2020      No
          400                     4 GB   Keyboard          
Raspberry N/A   RP2040            264 KB Pico (21 mm ×     No            No       26-pin 2021      
Pi Pico                                  51 mm)            

    1. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 85.6 mm × 56.5 mm (3.37 in × 2.22 in)
    2. ^ ^a ^b 65 mm × 56.5 mm (2.56 in × 2.22 in)
    3. ^ 65 mm × 30 mm (2.6 in × 1.2 in)
    4. ^ Throughput limited to ca. 300 Mbit/s by the internal USB 2.0
       connection

   As of 4 May 2021, the Foundation is committed to manufacture most Pi
   models until at least January 2026. Even the 1 GB Pi4B can still be
   specially-ordered.^[47]

HardwareEdit

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   The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that
   feature variations in the type of the central processing unit, amount of
   memory capacity, networking support, and peripheral-device support.

   Raspberrypi block function v01.svg 
   Enlarge

   This block diagram^[which?] describes models B, B+, A and A+. The Pi Zero
   models are similar, but lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The
   Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional USB port. In
   Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to the
   system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the
   USB/Ethernet chip contains a five-port USB hub, of which four ports are
   available, while the Pi 1 Model B only provides two. On the Pi Zero, the
   USB port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB
   (OTG) port. Unlike all other Pi models, the 40 pin GPIO connector is
   omitted on the Pi Zero, with solderable through-holes only in the pin
   locations. The Pi Zero WH remedies this.

   Processor speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.4 GHz for the Pi 3 Model B+ or
   1.5 GHz for the Pi 4; on-board memory ranges from 256 MB to 8 GB
   random-access memory (RAM), with only the Raspberry Pi 4 having more than
   1 GB. Secure Digital (SD) cards in MicroSDHC form factor (SDHC on early
   models) are used to store the operating system and program memory, however
   some models also come with onboard eMMC storage^[48] and the Raspberry
   Pi 4 can also make use of USB-attached SSD storage for its operating
   system.^[49] The boards have one to five USB ports. For video output, HDMI
   and composite video are supported, with a standard 3.5 mm tip-ring-sleeve
   jack for audio output. Lower-level output is provided by a number of GPIO
   pins, which support common protocols like I²C. The B-models have an 8P8C
   Ethernet port and the Pi 3, Pi 4 and Pi Zero W have on-board Wi-Fi 802.11n
   and Bluetooth.^[50]

  ProcessorEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Raspberry Pi 2B uses a 32-bit 900 MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
   processor.

   The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi^[51]
   includes a 700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics
   processing unit (GPU),^[52] and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB
   and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by
   the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is
   visible. The ARM1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in the original
   iPhone,^[53] although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster
   GPU.

   The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC
   with a 900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB
   shared L2 cache.^[54] The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom
   BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor,^[24]
   the same one which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by
   default) to the same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC
   is no longer in production as of late 2016.

   The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz
   64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.
   The Model A+ and B+ are 1.4 GHz^[55]^[56]^[57]

   The Raspberry Pi 4 uses a Broadcom BCM2711 SoC with a 1.5 GHz (later
   models: 1.8 GHz) 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, with 1 MB
   shared L2 cache.^[58]^[59] Unlike previous models, which all used a custom
   interrupt controller poorly suited for virtualisation, the interrupt
   controller on this SoC is compatible with the ARM Generic Interrupt
   Controller (GIC) architecture 2.0, providing hardware support for
   interrupt distribution when using ARM virtualisation
   capabilities.^[60]^[61]

   The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W use the same Broadcom BCM2835 SoC as the
   first generation Raspberry Pi, although now running at 1 GHz CPU clock
   speed.^[62]

   The Raspberry Pi Zero W 2 uses the RP3A0-AU CPU, a 1 GHz 64 bit ARM Cortex
   A53, on 512MB of SDRAM. Documentation states this "system-on-package" is a
   Broadcom BCM2710A1 package, using a BCM2837 Broadcom chip as core, which
   is an ARM v8 quad-core. The RPi3 also uses the BCM2837, but at 1.2 GHz,
   since the Pi Zero W 2 clock is 1 GHz.

   The Raspberry Pi Pico uses the RP2040 running at 133 MHz.

    PerformanceEdit

   While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi
   provided a real-world performance roughly equivalent to
   0.041 GFLOPS.^[63]^[64] On the CPU level the performance is similar to a
   300 MHz Pentium II of 1997–99. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s
   of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing
   performance. The graphical capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly
   equivalent to the performance of the Xbox of 2001.

   Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 included a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz
   and 1 GB RAM. It was described as 4–6 times more powerful than its
   predecessor. The GPU was identical to the original.^[54] In parallelised
   benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 could be up to 14 times faster than a
   Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.^[65]

   The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as
   having ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1.^[66] Benchmarks
   showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the
   Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelised tasks.^[67]

   The Raspberry Pi 4, with a quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, is described as
   having three times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 3.^[1]

    OverclockingEdit

   Most Raspberry Pi systems-on-chip could be overclocked to 800 MHz, and
   some to 1000 MHz. There are reports the Raspberry Pi 2 can be similarly
   overclocked, in extreme cases, even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety
   features and over-voltage limitations). In Raspberry Pi OS the
   overclocking options on boot can be made by a software command running
   "sudo raspi-config" without voiding the warranty.^[68] In those cases the
   Pi automatically shuts the overclocking down if the chip temperature
   reaches 85 °C (185 °F), but it is possible to override automatic
   over-voltage and overclocking settings (voiding the warranty); an
   appropriately sized heat sink is needed to protect the chip from serious
   overheating.

   Newer versions of the firmware contain the option to choose between five
   overclock ("turbo") presets that, when used, attempt to maximise the
   performance of the SoC without impairing the lifetime of the board. This
   is done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip and the CPU load,
   and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and the core voltage. When the
   demand is low on the CPU or it is running too hot, the performance is
   throttled, but if the CPU has much to do and the chip's temperature is
   acceptable, performance is temporarily increased with clock speeds of up
   to 1 GHz, depending on the board version and on which of the turbo
   settings is used.

   The overclocking modes are:

     * none; 700 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz SDRAM, 0 overvolting,
     * modest; 800 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz SDRAM, 0 overvolting,
     * medium; 900 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz SDRAM, 2 overvolting,
     * high; 950 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolting,
     * turbo; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 600 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolting,
     * Pi 2; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 500 MHz SDRAM, 2 overvolting,
     * Pi 3; 1100 MHz ARM, 550 MHz core, 500 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolting. In
       system information the CPU speed appears as 1200 MHz. When idling,
       speed lowers to 600 MHz.^[68]^[69]

   In the highest (turbo) mode the SDRAM clock speed was originally 500 MHz,
   but this was later changed to 600 MHz because of occasional SD card
   corruption. Simultaneously, in high mode the core clock speed was lowered
   from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from 333 to 250 MHz.

   The CPU of the first and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not
   require cooling with a heat sink or fan, even when overclocked, but the
   Raspberry Pi 3 may generate more heat when overclocked.^[70]

  RAMEdit

   The early designs of the Raspberry Pi Model A and B boards included only
   256 MB of random access memory (RAM). Of this, the early beta Model B
   boards allocated 128 MB to the GPU by default, leaving only 128 MB for the
   CPU.^[71] On the early 256 MB releases of models A and B, three different
   splits were possible. The default split was 192 MB for the CPU, which
   should be sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D
   processing. 224 MB was for Linux processing only, with only a 1080p
   framebuffer, and was likely to fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for
   heavy 3D processing, possibly also with video decoding.^[72] In
   comparison, the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV.^[73]

   The later Model B with 512 MB RAM, was released on 15 October 2012 and was
   initially released with new standard memory split files (arm256_start.elf,
   arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) with 256 MB, 384 MB, and 496 MB CPU
   RAM, and with 256 MB, 128 MB, and 16 MB video RAM, respectively. But about
   one week later, the foundation released a new version of start.elf that
   could read a new entry in config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically
   assign an amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU,
   obsoleting the older method of splitting memory, and a single start.elf
   worked the same for 256 MB and 512 MB Raspberry Pis.^[74]

   The Raspberry Pi 2 has 1 GB of RAM.

   The Raspberry Pi 3 has 1 GB of RAM in the B and B+ models, and 512 MB of
   RAM in the A+ model.^[75]^[76]^[77] The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W have
   512 MB of RAM.

   The Raspberry Pi 4 is available with 2, 4 or 8 GB of RAM.^[78] A 1 GB
   model was originally available at launch in June 2019 but was discontinued
   in March 2020,^[45] and the 8 GB model was introduced in May 2020.^[2]

  NetworkingEdit

   The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no Ethernet circuitry and are commonly
   connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or
   Wi-Fi adapter. On the Model B and B+ the Ethernet port is provided by a
   built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip.^[79] The
   Raspberry Pi 3 and Pi Zero W (wireless) are equipped with 2.4 GHz WiFi
   802.11n (150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s) based on the Broadcom
   BCM43438 FullMAC chip with no official support for monitor mode (though it
   was implemented through unofficial firmware patching^[80]) and the Pi 3
   also has a 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet port. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ features
   dual-band IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac WiFi, Bluetooth 4.2, and Gigabit Ethernet
   (limited to approximately 300 Mbit/s by the USB 2.0 bus between it and the
   SoC). The Raspberry Pi 4 has full gigabit Ethernet (throughput is not
   limited as it is not funnelled via the USB chip.)

  Special-purpose featuresEdit

   The RPi Zero, RPi1A, RPi3A+^[81] and RPi4 can be used as a USB device or
   "USB gadget", plugged into another computer via a USB port on another
   machine. It can be configured in multiple ways, such as functioning as a
   serial or ethernet device.^[82] Although originally requiring software
   patches, this was added into the mainline Raspbian distribution in May
   2016.^[82]

   Raspberry Pi models with a newer chipset can boot from USB mass storage,
   such as from a flash drive. Booting from USB mass storage is not available
   in the original Raspberry Pi models, the Raspberry Pi Zero, the Raspberry
   Pi Pico, the Raspberry Pi 2 A models, and the Raspberry Pi 2 B models with
   versions lower than 1.2.^[83]

  PeripheralsEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   The Model 2B boards incorporate four USB ports for connecting peripherals.

   Although often pre-configured to operate as a headless computer, the
   Raspberry Pi may also optionally be operated with any generic USB computer
   keyboard and mouse.^[84] It may also be used with USB storage, USB to MIDI
   converters, and virtually any other device/component with USB
   capabilities, depending on the installed device drivers in the underlying
   operating system (many of which are included by default).

   Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors
   on the surface of the Raspberry Pi.^[85]

  VideoEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   An early Raspberry Pi 1 Model A, with an HDMI port and a standard RCA
   composite video port for older displays

   The video controller can generate standard modern TV resolutions, such as
   HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions as well as older
   NTSC or PAL standard CRT TV resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom
   overclocking) it can support the following resolutions: 640×350 EGA;
   640×480 VGA; 800×600 SVGA; 1024×768 XGA; 1280×720 720p HDTV; 1280×768 WXGA
   variant; 1280×800 WXGA variant; 1280×1024 SXGA; 1366×768 WXGA variant;
   1400×1050 SXGA+; 1600×1200 UXGA; 1680×1050 WXGA+; 1920×1080 1080p HDTV;
   1920×1200 WUXGA.^[86]

   Higher resolutions, up to 2048×1152, may work^[87]^[88] or even 3840×2160
   at 15 Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video).^[89] Allowing the
   highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decode video formats
   at these resolutions; in fact, the Raspberry Pis are known to not work
   reliably for H.265 (at those high resolutions),^[90] commonly used for
   very high resolutions (however, most common formats up to Full HD do
   work).

   Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decoding hardware, the CPU
   is more powerful than its predecessors, potentially fast enough to allow
   the decoding of H.265-encoded videos in software.^[91] The GPU in the
   Raspberry Pi 3 runs at higher clock frequencies of 300 MHz or 400 MHz,
   compared to previous versions which ran at 250 MHz.^[92]

   The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals,
   as used on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through
   standard connectors – either RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on
   model. The television signal standards supported are PAL-B/G/H/I/D, PAL-M,
   PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.^[93]

  Real-time clockEdit

   When booting, the time defaults to being set over the network using the
   Network Time Protocol (NTP). The source of time information can be another
   computer on the local network that does have a real-time clock, or to a
   NTP server on the internet. If no network connection is available, the
   time may be set manually or configured to assume that no time passed
   during the shutdown. In the latter case, the time is monotonic (files
   saved later in time always have later timestamps) but may be considerably
   earlier than the actual time. For systems that require a built-in
   real-time clock, a number of small, low-cost add-on boards with real-time
   clocks are available.^[94]^[95]

   The RP2040 microcontroller has a built-in real-time clock but this can not
   be set automatically without some form of user entry or network facility
   being added.

ConnectorsEdit

                                                     Model BEdit             
                                                                             
                                                     * [IMG]                 
                                                                             
                                                       Location of           
                             Pi ZeroEdit               connectors and main   
                                                       ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 
                             * [IMG]                   Model B revision 1.2  
     Pi PicoEdit                                                             
                               Location of           * [IMG]                 
     * [IMG]                   connectors and main                           
                               ICs on Raspberry Pi     Location of           
       Location of             Zero 2W                 connectors and main   
       connectors and main                             ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 
       ICs on RaspberryPi    Model AEdit               Model B+ revision 1.2 
       Pico                                            and Raspberry Pi 2    
                             * [IMG]                                         
     Pi Compute ModuleEdit                           * [IMG]                 
                               Location of                                   
     * [IMG]                   connectors and main     Location of           
                               ICs on Raspberry        connectors and main   
       Location of             Pi 1 Model A            ICs on Raspberry Pi 3 
       connectors and main                                                   
       ICs on RaspberryPi    * [IMG]                 * [IMG]                 
       Compute Module 4                                                      
       lite                    Location of             Location of           
                               connectors and main     connectors and main   
                               ICs on Raspberry        ICs on Raspberry      
                               Pi 1 Model A+           Pi 3+                 
                               revision 1.1                                  
                                                     * [IMG]                 
                                                                             
                                                       Location of           
                                                       connectors and main   
                                                       ICs on Raspberry Pi 4 

  General purpose input-output (GPIO) connectorEdit

   Raspberry Pi 1 Models A+ and B+, Pi 2 Model B, Pi 3 Models  A+, B and B+,
   Pi 4, and Pi Zero, Zero W, and Zero WH GPIO J8 have a 40-pin
   pinout.^[96]^[97] Raspberry Pi 1 Models A and B have only the first 26
   pins.^[98]^[99]^[100]

   In the Pi Zero and Zero W, the 40 GPIO pins are unpopulated, having the
   through-holes exposed for soldering instead. The Zero WH (Wireless +
   Header) has the header pins preinstalled.

   GPIO# 2nd func.    Pin#  Pin# 2nd func.    GPIO# 
         +3.3 V       1     2    +5 V         
   2     SDA1 (I^2C)  3     4    +5 V         
   3     SCL1 (I^2C)  5     6    GND          
   4     GCLK         7     8    TXD0 (UART)  14    
         GND          9     10   RXD0 (UART)  15    
   17    GEN0         11    12   GEN1         18    
   27    GEN2         13    14   GND          
   22    GEN3         15    16   GEN4         23    
         +3.3 V       17    18   GEN5         24    
   10    MOSI (SPI)   19    20   GND          
   9     MISO (SPI)   21    22   GEN6         25    
   11    SCLK (SPI)   23    24   CE0_N (SPI)  8     
         GND          25    26   CE1_N (SPI)  7     
   (Pi 1 Models A and B stop here)
   0     ID_SD (I^2C) 27    28   ID_SC (I^2C) 1     
   5     N/A          29    30   GND          
   6     N/A          31    32   N/A          12    
   13    N/A          33    34   GND          
   19    N/A          35    36   N/A          16    
   26    N/A          37    38   Digital IN   20    
         GND          39    40   Digital OUT  21    

   Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board and P6 on the
   schematics) of 8 pins offering access to an additional 4 GPIO
   connections.^[101] These GPIO pins were freed when the four board version
   identification links present in revision 1.0 were removed.^[102]

   GPIO# 2nd func. Pin#  Pin# 2nd func.  GPIO# 
         +5 V      1     2    +3.3 V     
   28    GPIO_GEN7 3     4    GPIO_GEN8  29    
   30    GPIO_GEN9 5     6    GPIO_GEN10 31    
         GND       7     8    GND        

   Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16.
   Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47,
   and the power status LED using GPIO 35.

SpecificationsEdit

              Pico       Model A (no Ethernet)                            Model B (with Ethernet)                                                                                        Compute Module^[a]                                                                                                     Zero                                        Keyboard           
Version       Raspberry                                                   RPi 1                        RPi 2     RPi 2                                                                                    Compute    Compute    Compute    Compute                                                              RPi Zero RPi Zero                                              
              Pi Pico    RPi 1 Model A      RPi 1 Model A+ RPi 3 Model A+ Model B     RPi 1 Model B+   Model B   Model B    RPi 3 Model B    RPi 3 Model B+     RPi 4 Model B            Compute Module 1 Module 3   Module 3   Module 3+  Module 3+ Compute Module 4                     Compute Module 4 Lite PCB v1.2 PCB v1.3   RPi Zero W RPi Zero 2 W RPi 400
                                                                                                                 v1.2                                                                                                Lite                  Lite      
Release date  Jan 2021   Feb 2013^[103]     Nov 2014^[104] Nov 2018       Apr–June    July 2014^[105]  Feb       Oct        Feb 2016^[66]    14 Mar 2018^[26]   24 June 2019^[107]       Apr              Jan 2017^[110]        Jan 2019^[111]       Oct 2020                                                   Nov      May 2016   28 Feb     28 Oct       2 Nov 2020         
                                                                          2012                         2015^[54] 2016^[106]                                     28 May 2020 (8GB)^[2]    2014^[108]^[109]                                                                                                       2015^[8]            2017       2021^[37]    
Target price  $4         $25^[103]          $20^[104]      $25            $35^[112]   $25^[113]        $35                                                      $35/55/75^[107]^[45]^[2] $30 (in batches  $30        $25        $30/35/40  $25       $30/35/40/45/50/55/60/65/75/80/85/90 $25/30/35/45/50/70/75 $5^[8]              $10        $15          $70                
(USD)                                                                                                                                                                                    of 100)^[114]    
Instruction   Armv6-M    ARMv6Z (32-bit)                   ARMv8 (64-bit) ARMv6Z (32-bit)              ARMv7-A   ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)                                                     ARMv6Z (32-bit)  ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)                                                                                   ARMv6Z (32-bit)                ARMv8-A      ARMv8-A            
set                                                                                                    (32-bit)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (64/32-bit)  (64/32-bit)        
SoC           Raspberry  Broadcom BCM2835^[51]             Broadcom       Broadcom BCM2835^[51]        Broadcom  Broadcom BCM2837            Broadcom           Broadcom BCM2711^[107]   Broadcom         Broadcom BCM2837      Broadcom BCM2837B0   Broadcom BCM2711                                           Broadcom BCM2835               Broadcom     Broadcom BCM2711C0 
              Pi RP2040                                    BCM2837B0^[26]                              BCM2836                               BCM2837B0^[26]                              BCM2835^[114]                                                                                                                                         BCM2710A1    
FPU           N/A        VFPv2; NEON not supported         VFPv4 + NEON   VFPv2; NEON not supported    VFPv4 + NEON                                                                      VFPv2; NEON not  VFPv4 + NEON                                                                                          VFPv2; NEON not supported      VFPv4 + NEON VFPv4 + NEON       
                                                                                                                                                                                         supported        
              Dual-core                                    4× Cortex-A53                               4×        4×         4× Cortex-A53    4× Cortex-A53      4× Cortex-A72 1.5 GHz or 1× ARM1176JZF-S                                                                                                                                       4×           4× Cortex-A72      
CPU           Arm        1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz           1.4 GHz        1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz      Cortex-A7 Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz          1.4 GHz            1.8 GHz^[32]             700 MHz          4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz                      4× Cortex-A72 1.5 GHz                                      1× ARM1176JZF-S 1 GHz          Cortex-A53   1.8 GHz            
              Cortex-M0+                                                                               900 MHz   900 MHz                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1 GHz        
                                                                                                                                             Broadcom VideoCore                                                                                                                                                                                Broadcom                        
                                                                                                                                             IV @ 400 MHz       Broadcom VideoCore VI @                                                                                                                         Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 400    VideoCore IV Broadcom VideoCore 
GPU           N/A        Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz^[b]                                                                                 (Core) / 300 MHz   500 MHz^[115]            Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz^[b]                         Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz^[115]                      MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D)     @ 400 MHz    VI @ 500 MHz
                                                                                                                                             (V3D)                                                                                                                                                                                             (Core) / 300 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               MHz (V3D)    
                                            256 or                        256 or                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                            512 MB^[c]                    512 MB^[c]  
Memory        264 KB     256 MB^[c]         Changed to     512 MB^[c]     Changed to  512 MB^[c]       1 GB^[c]                                                 1, 2, 4 or 8 GB^[c]      512 MB^[c]       1 GB^[c]                                   1, 2, 4 or 8 GB^[c]                                        512 MB^[c]                                  4 GB
(SDRAM)^[116]                               512 MB on 10                  512 MB on   
                                            August                        15 October  
                                            2016^[117]                    2012^[42]   
USB 2.0       N/A        1^[d]                             1^[e]          2^[f]^[118] 4^[g]^[79]^[105]                                                          2^[107]                  1^[d]^[a]        1^[d]^[a]             1^[e]^[a]            1                                                          1 Micro-USB^[d]                             1                  
ports^[84]    
USB 3.0 ports N/A        0                                                                                                                                      2^[107]                  0                                                                                                                                                                  2                  
USB OTG ports N/A        0                                                                                                                                      1 (Power USB-C)^[119]    0                                                                                                                      1 Micro-USB^[d]                             0                  
PCIe          N/A        0                                                                                                                                                                                                                           PCIe Gen 2 x1                                              0                                           0                  
interface     
Video input   N/A        15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera^[120]                                               2× MIPI camera interface (CSI)^[a]^[114]^[121]^[122]        2-lane MIPI CSI camera interface, 4-lane MIPI CSI camera   None     MIPI camera interface (CSI)^[123]  None               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     interface                            
HDMI          N/A        1× HDMI (rev 1.3)                                                                                                                      2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via    1× HDMI^[a]                                                 2x HDMI                                                    1× Mini-HDMI                                2× HDMI (rev 2.0)  
                                                                                                                                                                Micro-HDMI^[44]                                                                                                                                                                             via Micro-HDMI     
Composite     N/A        via RCA jack       via 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS    via RCA     via 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS jack                                                                    Yes^[a]^[121]^[124]                                                                                                    via marked points on PCB for optional
video                                       jack                          jack                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  header pins^[125]
MIPI display                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
interface     N/A        Yes                                                                                                                                                             Yes^[a]^[114]^[122]^[126]^[127]                             Yes                                                        No
(DSI)^[h]     
Audio inputs  N/A        As of revision 2 boards via I²S^[128]
Audio outputs N/A        Analog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI and, as of revision 2 boards, I²S                                                                                Analog, HDMI, I²S^[a]                                                                                                  Mini-HDMI, stereo audio through PWM on GPIO Micro-HDMI         
                         SD, MMC, SDIO card                               SD, MMC,                                                                                                                                              8/16/32 GB                                                                                                                                     
On-board      2MB Flash  slot (3.3 V with   MicroSDHC slot^[105]          SDIO card   MicroSDHC slot             MicroSDHC slot, USB Boot Mode^[129]                                     4 GB eMMC flash memory      MicroSDHC  eMMC flash MicroSDHC 8/16/32 GB eMMC flash memory         MicroSDHC slot        MicroSDHC slot                              MicroSDHC slot
storage^[84]  memory     card power only)                                 slot                                                                                                           chip^[114]                  slot       memory     slot      chip^[114]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                chip^[114] 
Ethernet                                                                  10/100 Mbit/s                                                      10/100/1000 Mbit/s                                                                                                                                                                                                                
(8P8C)^[84]   N/A                                          None           USB adapter on the USB hub^[118]                  10/100 Mbit/s    (real max speed    10/100/1000 Mbit/s^[107]                                                             10/100/1000 Mbit/s                                                             None                    10/100/1000 Mbit/s
                                                                                                                                             300 Mbit/s)^[131]  
WiFi IEEE                None^[130]                        b/g/n/ac dual                                                    b/g/n single                                                 None                                                                                                                   None                b/g/n single band       b/g/n/ac dual band 
802.11        N/A                                          band 2.4/5 GHz None                                              band 2.4 GHz     b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz                                                                            b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz (optional)                                        2.4 GHz                 2.4/5 GHz          
wireless      
Bluetooth     N/A                                          4.2 BLE                                                          4.1 BLE          4.2 LS BLE         5.0^[107]                                                                            5.0, BLE (optional)                                                            4.1 BLE    4.2 BLE      5.0                
                                                                          8× GPIO                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                          plus the                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                          following,                                                                                                     
                         8× GPIO^[132] plus                               which can                                                                                                      
                         the following,                                   also be                                                                                                        
                         which can also be                                used as                                                                               17× GPIO plus the same
                         used as GPIO:      17× GPIO plus the same        GPIO: UART,                                                                           specific functions, HAT,
Low-level     UART       UART, I²C bus, SPI specific functions, and HAT   I²C bus,    17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus                 and an additional 4×     46× GPIO, some of which can be used for specific functions  28 × GPIO supporting either 1.8v or 3.3v signalling and    17× GPIO plus the same specific functions,
peripherals              bus with two chip  ID bus                        SPI bus                                                                               UART, 4× SPI, and 4× I2C including I²C, SPI, UART, PCM, PWM^[a]^[137]                peripheral options                                         and HAT ID bus^[8]
                         selects, I²S                                     with two                                                                              connectors.^[136]
                         audio^[133]                                      chip        
                         +3.3 V, +5 V,                                    selects,    
                         ground^[134]^[135]                               I²S audio   
                                                                          +3.3 V,     
                                                                          +5 V,       
                                                                          ground.     
                                                                                      200 mA (1 W)                          300 mA (1.5 W)   459 mA (2.295 W)   600 mA (3 W) average                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                      average when     220 mA (1.1 W)       average when     average when idle, when idle, 1.25 A                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                      idle, 350 mA     average when idle,   idle, 1.34 A     1.13 A (5.661 W)   (6.25 W) maximum under                                                                                                                          100 mA (0.5 W) average when
                         300 mA             200 mA                        700 mA      (1.75 W) maximum 820 mA (4.1 W)       (6.7 W) maximum  maximum under      stress (monitor,                                                                                                                                idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum
Power ratings ?          (1.5 W)^[138]      (1 W)^[139]                   (3.5 W)     under stress     maximum under stress under stress     stress (monitor,   keyboard, mouse and      200 mA (1 W)     700 mA (3.5 W)                                                                                        under stress (monitor,
                                                                                      (monitor,        (monitor, keyboard   (monitor,        keyboard, mouse    Ethernet                                                                                                                                        keyboard and mouse
                                                                                      keyboard and     and mouse            keyboard, mouse  and WiFi           connected),^[140] 3 A                                                                                                                           connected)^[140]
                                                                                      mouse            connected)^[140]     and WiFi         connected)^[141]   (15 W) power supply      
                                                                                      connected)^[140]                      connected)^[140]                    recommended^[1]          
              MicroUSB                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
              or GPIO                                                                                                       5 V via MicroUSB, GPIO header, or   5 V via USB-C, GPIO      
Power source  Header     5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header                                                                    PoE (with the PoE HAT)              header, or PoE (with the 2.5 - 5 V, 3.3 V, 2.5 - 3.3 V, and 1.8 V^[a]                5 V                                                        5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header
              1.8 V to                                                                                                                                          PoE HAT)
              5 V        
                                            65 mm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                         85.6 mm × 56.5 mm  × 56.5 mm      65 mm                                                                                                                         67.6 mm × 30 mm                                                                                                                                                                       
Size          51 x 21mm  (3.37 in           × 10 mm        × 56.5 mm      85.60 mm × 56.5 mm                                85.60 mm × 56.5 mm × 17 mm                                   (2.66 in         67.6 mm × 31 mm                            55 mm × 40 mm                                              65 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm                        286 mm × 113 mm ×
                         × 2.22 in)^[i]     (2.56 in       (2.56 in       (3.370 in × 2.224 in)^[i]                         (3.370 in × 2.224 in × 0.669 in)^[142]                       × 1.18 in)       (2.66 in × 1.22 in)                                                                                   (2.56 in × 1.18 in × 0.20 in)               23 mm
                                            × 2.22 in      × 2.22 in)
                                            × 0.39 in)^[j] 
Weight        ?          31 g               23 g                          45 g                                                                                  46 g                     7 g                                                                                                                    9 g                            10.8 g       
                         (1.1 oz)           (0.81 oz)                     (1.6 oz)                                                                              (1.6 oz)^[143]           (0.25 oz)^[144]                                                                                                        (0.32 oz)^[145]                (0.38 oz)    
Console                  Adding a USB network interface via tethering^[130] or a serial cable with optional GPIO power connector^[146]
Generation               1                  1+             3+             1           1+               2         2 ver 1.2  3                3+                 4                        1                3          3 Lite     3+         3+ Lite   4                                    4 Lite                PCB ver  PCB ver    W          2 W          4                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1.2      1.3        (wireless) (wireless)   
                                                                                                                 in                                                                                       in         in                                                                                                  in         in         in                              
                                            in production  in production              in production    N/A, or   production in production    in production                               in production    production production in production until                                                             N/A, or  production production production   in production      
Obsolescence             N/A                until at least until at least N/A         until at least   see PCB   until at   until at least   until at least     in production until at   until at least   until at   until at   at least January     in production until at least January 2028                  see PCB  until at   until at   until at     until at least     
Statement                                   January 2026   January 2026               January 2026     ver 1.2   least      January          January 2026       least January 2026       January 2026     least      least      2026                                                                            ver 1.3  least      least      least        January 2026
                                                                                                                 January    2026^[147]                                                                    January    January                                                                                             January    January    January 2028 
                                                                                                                 2026                                                                                     2026       2026                                                                                                2026^[148] 2026       
Type          Pico       Model A (no Ethernet)                            Model B (with Ethernet)                                                                                        Compute Module^[a]                                                                                                     Zero     

   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
    1. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k ^l 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM interface
       till CM3+,
    2. ^ ^a ^b BCM2837: 3D part of GPU at 300 MHz, video part of GPU at
       400 MHz,^[134]^[149] OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS /
       BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS). MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with licence),^[150] 1080p30
       H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high-profile decoder and encoder^[51] (BCM2837:
       1080p60)
    3. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k Shared with GPU.
    4. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Direct from the BCM2835 chip.
    5. ^ ^a ^b Direct from the BCM2837B0 chip.
    6. ^ via on-board 3-port USB hub; one USB port internally connected to
       the Ethernet port.
    7. ^ via on-board 5-port USB hub; one USB port internally connected to
       the Ethernet port.
    8. ^ for raw LCD panels
    9. ^ ^a ^b Excluding protruding connectors.
   10. ^ Same as HAT board.

  Simplified Model B ChangelogEdit

                                                 Cores /               RAM  Video          4K            Alt      Ethernet                 Power     MSRP  
Model Gen Variant Year SoC       Clockspeed      Threads 64-bit GFLOPS (GB) Output         Ready USB     Boot     (Max     Wi-Fi       BT  Source    (USD) 
                                                                                                                  Gbit/s)  
RPi 1     (256                                                                                                                                             
Model 1B  MB)                                    1/1            0.213  0.25                              
B                 2012                                                                           2 ×                                                 $35
RPi 1     (512                                                              HDMI_1.3             USB_2.0
Model 1B  MB)          BCM2835   0.7 GHz         1/1            0.213       Composite
B                                                                      0.5
RPi 1                                                                                                                                                      
Model 1B+         2014                           1/1            0.213                                                                                $25
B+    
RPi 2                                                                                                                                                      
Model 2B          2015 BCM2836                                  1.47                                              0.1
B                                                                                                                                          Micro-USB
RPi 2                            0.9 GHz                               
Model 2B  v1.2                                           ✔      4.43
B                                                                                                4 ×
v1.2                                                                                             USB_2.0
                  2016 BCM2837                                              HDMI_1.3                     USB               b/g/n           
RPi 3                                                                  1                                 Network           single-band 4.1           $35
Model 3B                         1.2 GHz                 ✔      3.62                                     (through          (2.4 GHz    BLE
B                                                                                                        OTP bit           only)       
                                                                                                         setting) 
RPi 3                                                                                                                                  4.2 
Model 3B+         2018 BCM2837B0 1.4 GHz         4/4     ✔      5.3                                               0.35                 LS  
B+                                                                                                                                     BLE 
RPi 4                                                                                                                                                
Model 4B  (1 GB)                                         ✔      9.92                       ✔             
B                                                                                                        
RPi 4                                                                                                    USB               b/g/n/ac                  $35   
Model 4B  (2 GB)  2019                                   ✔             2                   ✔     2 ×     Network           dual-band                 from  
B                      BCM2711   1.5 GHz/1.8 GHz                            2 ×                  USB_2.0          1.0                  5.0 USB-C     $45   
RPi 4                                                                       Micro-HDMI_2.0       2 ×                                                       
Model 4B  (4 GB)                                         ✔      13.5   4                   ✔     USB_3.0                                             $55
B     
RPi 4                                                                                                                                                      
Model 4B  (8 GB)  2020                                   ✔             8                   ✔                                                         $75
B     

SoftwareEdit

  Operating systemsEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Various operating systems for the Raspberry Pi can be installed on a
   MicroSD, MiniSD or SD card, depending on the board and available adapters;
   seen here is the MicroSD slot located on the bottom of a Raspberry Pi 2
   board.

   The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides Raspberry Pi OS (formerly called
   Raspbian), a Debian-based Linux distribution for download, as well as
   third-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS, LibreELEC (specialised
   media centre distribution)^[151] and specialised distributions for the
   Kodi media centre and classroom management.^[152] It promotes Python and
   Scratch as the main programming languages, with support for many other
   languages.^[153] The default firmware is closed source, while unofficial
   open source is available.^[154]^[155]^[156] Many other operating systems
   can also run on the Raspberry Pi. The formally verified microkernel seL4
   is also supported.^[157] There are several ways of installing multiple
   operating systems on one SD card.^[158]

   Other operating systems (not Linux- nor BSD-based)

     * Broadcom VCOS – Proprietary operating system which includes an
       abstraction layer designed to integrate with existing kernels, such as
       ThreadX (which is used on the VideoCore4 processor), providing drivers
       and middleware for application development. In the case of the
       Raspberry Pi, this includes an application to start the ARM
       processor(s) and provide the publicly documented API over a mailbox
       interface, serving as its firmware. An incomplete source of a Linux
       port of VCOS is available as part of the reference graphics driver
       published by Broadcom.^[159]
     * Haiku – an open source BeOS clone that has been compiled for the
       Raspberry Pi and several other ARM boards.^[160] Work on Pi 1 began in
       2011, but only the Pi 2 will be supported.^[161]
     * HelenOS – a portable microkernel-based multiserver operating system;
       has basic Raspberry Pi support since version 0.6.0^[162]
     * Plan 9 from Bell Labs^[163]^[164] and Inferno^[165] (in beta)
     * RISC OS Pi (a special cut down version RISC OS Pico, for 16 MB cards
       and larger for all models of Pi 1 & 2, has also been made available.)
     * Ultibo Core – OS-less unikerel Run Time Library based on Free Pascal.
       Lazarus IDE (Windows with 3rd party ports to Linux and MacOS). Most Pi
       models supported.^[166]
     * Windows 10 IoT Core – a zero-price edition of Windows 10 offered by
       Microsoft that runs natively on the Raspberry Pi 2.^[167]

   Other operating systems (Linux-based)

     * Alpine Linux – a Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox,
       "designed for power users who appreciate security, simplicity and
       resource efficiency".^[168]
     * Android Things – an embedded version of the Android operating system
       designed for IoT device development.
     * Arch Linux ARM, a port of Arch Linux for ARM processors, and
       Arch-based Manjaro Linux ARM
     * Ark OS – designed for website and email self-hosting.
     * Batocera – a buildroot based Linux OS that uses Emulation Station as
       its frontend for RetroArch and other emulators plus auxiliary scripts.
       Instead of a classic Linux distribution with package managers handling
       individual software updates, Batocera is crafted to behave more like a
       video game console firmware with all tools and emulators included and
       updated as a single package during software updates.^[169]
     * CentOS for Raspberry Pi 2 and later
     * Devuan
     * emteria.OS – an embedded, managed version of the Android operating
       system for professional fleet management
     * Fedora (supports Pi 2 and later since Fedora 25, Pi 1 is supported by
       some unofficial derivatives) and RedSleeve (a RHEL port) for Raspberry
       Pi 1
     * Gentoo Linux^[170]
     * Kali Linux – a Debian-derived distro designed for digital forensics
       and penetration testing.
     * OpenEuler,– an Open source Linux OS.
     * openSUSE,^[171] SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2^[172] and Server
       12 SP3 (Commercial support)^[172]
     * OpenWrt – a highly extensible Linux distribution for embedded devices
       (typically wireless routers). It supports Pi 1, 2, 3, 4 and Zero
       W.^[173]
     * postmarketOS – distribution based on Alpine Linux, primarily developed
       for smartphones.
     * RetroPie – an offshoot of Raspbian OS that uses Emulation Station as
       its frontend for RetroArch and other emulators like Mupen64 for retro
       gaming.^[174] Hardware like Freeplay tech can help replace Game boy
       internals with RetroPie emulation.^[175]
     * Sailfish OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use ARM Cortex-A7 CPU;
       Raspberry Pi 1 uses different ARMv6 architecture and Sailfish requires
       ARMv7.)^[176]
     * Slackware ARM – version 13.37 and later runs on the Raspberry Pi
       without modification.^[177]^[178]^[179]^[180] The 128–496 MB of
       available memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum
       requirement of 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM or i386
       system.^[181] (Whereas the majority of Linux systems boot into a
       graphical user interface, Slackware's default user environment is the
       textual shell / command line interface.^[182]) The Fluxbox window
       manager running under the X Window System requires an additional 48 MB
       of RAM.^[183]
     * SolydXK – a light Debian-derived distro with Xfce.
     * Tiny Core Linux – a minimal Linux operating system focused on
       providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run
       primarily in RAM.
     * Ubuntu-based: Lubuntu^[184] and Xubuntu^[184]
     * Void Linux – a rolling release Linux distribution which was designed
       and implemented from scratch, provides images based on musl or glibc.

   Other operating systems (BSD-based)

     * FreeBSD^[185]^[186]
     * NetBSD^[187]^[188]
     * OpenBSD (only on 64-bit platforms, such as Raspberry Pi 3)^[189]

Driver APIsEdit

   Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
   See also: VideoCore § Linux support
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Scheme of the implemented APIs: OpenMAX, OpenGL ES and OpenVG

   Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded
   into the GPU at boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that
   initially was closed source.^[190] This part of the driver code was later
   released.^[191] However, much of the actual driver work is done using the
   closed source GPU code. Application software makes calls to closed source
   run-time libraries (OpenMax, OpenGL ES or OpenVG), which in turn call an
   open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed
   source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is
   specific for these closed libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX, 3D
   applications use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use OpenVG, which both in
   turn use EGL. OpenMAX and EGL use the open source kernel driver in
   turn.^[192]

  Vulkan driverEdit

   The Raspberry Pi Foundation first announced it was working on a Vulkan
   driver in February 2020.^[193] A working Vulkan driver running Quake 3 at
   100 frames per second on a 3B+ was revealed by a graphics engineer who had
   been working on it as a hobby project on 20 June.^[194] On 24 November
   2020 Raspberry Pi Foundation announced that their driver for the Raspberry
   Pi 4 is Vulkan 1.0 conformant.^[195] On 26 October 2021 Raspberry Pi
   Trading announced that their driver for the Raspberry Pi 4 is Vulkan 1.1
   conformant.^[196]

  FirmwareEdit

   The official firmware is a freely redistributable^[197] binary blob, that
   is proprietary software.^[160] A minimal proof-of-concept open source
   firmware is also available, mainly aimed at initialising and starting the
   ARM cores as well as performing minimal startup that is required on the
   ARM side. It is also capable of booting a very minimal Linux kernel, with
   patches to remove the dependency on the mailbox interface being
   responsive. It is known to work on Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3, as well as
   some variants of Raspberry Pi Zero.^[198]

  Third-party application softwareEdit

     * AstroPrint – AstroPrint's wireless 3D printing software can be run on
       the Pi 2.^[199]
     * C/C++ Interpreter Ch – Released 3 January 2017, C/C++ interpreter Ch
       and Embedded Ch are released free for non-commercial use for Raspberry
       Pi, ChIDE is also included for the beginners to learn C/C++.^[200]
     * Minecraft – Released 11 February 2013, a modified version that allows
       players to directly alter the world with computer code.^[201]
     * RealVNC – Since 28 September 2016, Raspbian includes RealVNC's remote
       access server and viewer software.^[202]^[203]^[204] This includes a
       new capture technology which allows directly rendered content (e.g.
       Minecraft, camera preview and omxplayer) as well as non-X11
       applications to be viewed and controlled remotely.^[205]^[206]
     * UserGate Web Filter – On 20 September 2013, Florida-based security
       vendor Entensys announced porting UserGate Web Filter to Raspberry Pi
       platform.^[207]
     * Steam Link – On 13 December 2018, Valve released official Steam Link
       game streaming client for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 3 B+.^[208]^[209]

  Software development toolsEdit

     * Arduino IDE – for programming an Arduino.
     * Algoid – for teaching programming to children and beginners.
     * BlueJ – for teaching Java to beginners.
     * Greenfoot – Greenfoot teaches object orientation with Java. Create
       'actors' which live in 'worlds' to build games, simulations, and other
       graphical programs.
     * Julia – an interactive and cross-platform programming
       language/environment, that runs on the Pi 1 and later.^[210] IDEs for
       Julia, such as Visual Studio Code, are available. See also Pi-specific
       GitHub repository JuliaBerry.
     * Lazarus^[211] – a Free Pascal RAD IDE
     * LiveCode – an educational RAD IDE descended from HyperCard using
       English-like language to write event-handlers for WYSIWYG widgets
       runnable on desktop, mobile and Raspberry Pi platforms.
     * Ninja-IDE – a cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE)
       for Python.
     * Processing – an IDE built for the electronic arts, new media art, and
       visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the
       fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.
     * Scratch – a cross-platform teaching IDE using visual blocks that stack
       like Lego, originally developed by MIT's Life Long Kindergarten group.
       The Pi version is very heavily optimised^[212] for the limited
       computer resources available and is implemented in the Squeak
       Smalltalk system. The latest version compatible with The 2 B is 1.6.
     * Squeak Smalltalk – a full-scale open Smalltalk.
     * TensorFlow – an artificial intelligence framework developed by Google.
       The Raspberry Pi Foundation worked with Google to simplify the
       installation process through pre-built binaries.^[213]
     * Thonny – a Python IDE for beginners.
     * V-Play Game Engine – a cross-platform development framework that
       supports mobile game and app development with the V-Play Game Engine,
       V-Play apps, and V-Play plugins.
     * Xojo – a cross-platform RAD tool that can create desktop, web and
       console apps for Pi 2 and Pi 3.
     * C-STEM Studio – a platform for hands-on integrated learning of
       computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM)
       with robotics.
     * Erlang – a functional language for building concurrent systems with
       light-weight processes and message passing.
     * LabVIEW Community Edition – a system-design platform and development
       environment for a visual programming language from National
       Instruments.

AccessoriesEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Raspberry Pi 5 megapixel camera
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Version 2 of the Pi Camera
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera Module
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with a "TV Hat" card (for DVB-T/T2 television
   reception) attached
     * Gertboard – A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioned device, designed for
       educational purposes, that expands the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to
       allow interface with and control of LEDs, switches, analogue signals,
       sensors and other devices. It also includes an optional Arduino
       compatible controller to interface with the Pi.^[214]
     * Camera – On 14 May 2013, the foundation and the distributors RS
       Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi
       camera board alongside a firmware update to accommodate it.^[215] The
       camera board is shipped with a flexible flat cable that plugs into the
       CSI connector which is located between the Ethernet and HDMI ports. In
       Raspbian, the user must enable the use of the camera board by running
       Raspi-config and selecting the camera option. The camera module costs
       €20 in Europe (9 September 2013).^[216] It uses the OmniVision OV5647
       image sensor and can produce 1080p, 720p and 640x480p video. The
       dimensions are 25 mm × 20 mm × 9 mm.^[216] In May 2016, v2 of the
       camera came out, and is an 8 megapixel camera using a Sony
       IMX219.^[217]
     * Infrared Camera – In October 2013, the foundation announced that they
       would begin producing a camera module without an infrared filter,
       called the Pi NoIR.^[218]
     * Official Display – On 8 September 2015, The foundation and the
       distributors RS Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the
       Raspberry Pi Touch Display^[219]
     * HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards – Together with the
       Model B+, inspired by the Arduino shield boards, the interface for HAT
       boards was devised by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Each HAT board
       carries a small EEPROM (typically a CAT24C32WI-GT3)^[220] containing
       the relevant details of the board,^[221] so that the Raspberry Pi's OS
       is informed of the HAT, and the technical details of it, relevant to
       the OS using the HAT.^[222] Mechanical details of a HAT board, which
       uses the four mounting holes in their rectangular formation, are
       available online.^[223]^[224]
     * High Quality Camera – In May 2020, the 12.3 megapixel Sony IMXZ477
       sensor camera module was released with support for C- and CS-mount
       lenses.^[225] The unit initially retailed for US$50 with
       interchangeable lenses starting at US$25.
     * e-CAM130_CURB – In Nov 2020, the 13 megapixel ON Semiconductor AR1335
       sensor camera module was released with support for S-mount
       lenses.^[226] The unit initially retailed for US$99.

Vulnerability to flashes of lightEdit

   In February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip, designated U16, of
   the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.1 (the initially released version)
   was found to be vulnerable to flashes of light,^[227] particularly the
   light from xenon camera flashes and green^[228] and red laser pointers.
   The U16 chip has WL-CSP packaging, which exposes the bare silicon die. The
   Raspberry Pi Foundation blog recommended covering U16 with opaque material
   (such as Sugru or Blu-Tak) or putting the Raspberry Pi 2 in a
   case.^[229]^[228] This issue was not discovered before the release of the
   Raspberry Pi 2 because it is not standard or common practice to test
   susceptibility to optical interference,^[227] while commercial electronic
   devices are routinely subjected to tests of susceptibility to radio
   interference.

Reception and useEdit

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   NASA's Open Source Rover powered by a Raspberry Pi 3

   Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project in May 2011 as a
   "potential BBC Micro 2.0", not by replacing PC compatible machines but by
   supplementing them.^[230] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed the BBC
   Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.^[231] Alex Hope, co-author of the Next
   Gen report, is hopeful that the computer will engage children with the
   excitement of programming.^[232] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested that
   the BBC could be involved in building support for the device, possibly
   branding it as the BBC Nano.^[233] The Centre for Computing History
   strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project, feeling that it could "usher
   in a new era".^[234] Before release, the board was showcased by ARM's CEO
   Warren East at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to improve
   UK science and technology education.^[235]

   Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on
   improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using
   tools such as Google App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather
   than adding new hardware choices.^[236] Simon Rockman, writing in a ZDNet
   blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do",
   despite what happened in the 1980s.^[237]

   In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year
   award,^[238] and futurist Mark Pesce cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as
   the inspiration for his ambient device project MooresCloud.^[239] In
   October 2012, the British Computer Society reacted to the announcement of
   enhanced specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want
   to sink our teeth into."^[240]

   In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert
   Award.^[241] The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was
   "for its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are
   redefining how people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn
   coding and computer science and providing innovative control solutions for
   industry."^[242]

   Clusters of hundreds of Raspberry Pis have been used for testing programs
   destined for supercomputers.^[243]

  CommunityEdit

   The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie Ayre of FLOSS software
   company AdaCore as one of the most exciting parts of the project.^[244]
   Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows
   the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and teaching.^[244] The
   community developed a fanzine around the platform called The MagPi^[245]
   which in 2015, was handed over to the Raspberry Pi Foundation by its
   volunteers to be continued in-house.^[246] A series of community Raspberry
   Jam events have been held across the UK and around the world.^[247]

  EducationEdit

   As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have
   been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with
   around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that
   businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.^[248] The
   CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle
   East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to
   enhance her employment prospects.^[249]^[250]

   In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community
   members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of
   free learning resources for its website.^[251] The Foundation also started
   a teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers
   prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi
   in the classroom.^[252]

   In 2018, NASA launched the JPL Open Source Rover Project, which is a
   scaled down version of Curiosity rover and uses a Raspberry Pi as the
   control module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in
   mechanical, software, electronics, and robotics engineering.^[253]

  Home automationEdit

   There are a number of developers and applications that are using the
   Raspberry Pi for home automation. These programmers are making an effort
   to modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy
   monitoring and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of
   the Raspberry Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to
   the more expensive commercial solutions.^[citation needed]

  Industrial automationEdit

   In June 2014, Polish industrial automation manufacturer TECHBASE released
   ModBerry, an industrial computer based on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module.
   The device has a number of interfaces, most notably RS-485/232 serial
   ports, digital and analogue inputs/outputs, CAN and economical 1-Wire
   buses, all of which are widely used in the automation industry. The design
   allows the use of the Compute Module in harsh industrial environments,
   leading to the conclusion that the Raspberry Pi is no longer limited to
   home and science projects, but can be widely used as an Industrial IoT
   solution and achieve goals of Industry 4.0.^[254]

   In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise
   on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers
   implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.^[255]

   In January 2021, TECHBASE announced a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4
   cluster for AI accelerator, routing and file server use. The device
   contains one or more standard Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4s in an
   industrial DIN rail housing, with some versions containing one or more
   Coral Edge tensor processing units.^[256]

  Commercial productsEdit

   The Organelle is a portable synthesizer, a sampler, a sequencer, and an
   effects processor designed and assembled by Critter & Guitari. It
   incorporates a Raspberry Pi computer module running Linux.^[257]

   OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It incorporates a
   Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was successfully crowd-funded in a May
   2014 Kickstarter campaign.^[258]

   Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Compute Module as its
   heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The
   software running on Slice is based on Kodi.^[259]

   Numerous commercial thin client computer terminals use the Raspberry
   Pi.^[260]

  COVID-19 pandemicEdit

   During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand increased primarily due to the
   increase in remote work, but also because of the use of many Raspberry Pi
   Zeros in ventilators for COVID-19 patients in countries such as
   Colombia,^[261] which were used to combat strain on the healthcare system.
   In March 2020, Raspberry Pi sales reached 640,000 units, the second
   largest month of sales in the company's history.^[262]

Astro Pi and ProximaEdit

   A project was launched in December 2014 at an event held by the UK Space
   Agency. The Astro Pi was an augmented Raspberry Pi that included a sensor
   hat with a visible light or infrared camera. The Astro Pi competition,
   called Principia, was officially opened in January and was opened to all
   primary and secondary school aged children who were residents of the
   United Kingdom. During his mission, British ESA astronaut Tim Peake
   deployed the computers on board the International Space Station.^[263] He
   loaded the winning code while in orbit, collected the data generated and
   then sent this to Earth where it was distributed to the winning teams.
   Covered themes during the competition included spacecraft sensors,
   satellite imaging, space measurements, data fusion and space radiation.

   The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition include the UK
   Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi, ESERO-UK and ESA.

   In 2017, the European Space Agency ran another competition open to all
   students in the European Union called Proxima. The winning programs were
   run on the ISS by Thomas Pesquet, a French astronaut.^[264] In December
   2021, the Dragon 2 spacecraft launched by NASA had a pair of Astro pi in
   it.^[265]

HistoryEdit

   This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help  
   by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available.     
   (February 2015)                                                            

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   An early alpha-test board in operation using different layout from later
   beta and production boards

   In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel
   ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schematics and PCB layout are publicly
   available.^[266] Foundation trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of
   teachers, academics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to
   inspire children.^[248] The computer is inspired by Acorn's BBC Micro of
   1981.^[267]^[268] The Model A, Model B and Model B+ names are references
   to the original models of the British educational BBC Micro computer,
   developed by Acorn Computers.^[269] The first ARM prototype version of the
   computer was mounted in a package the same size as a USB memory
   stick.^[270] It had a USB port on one end and an HDMI port on the other.

   The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25 and $35.
   They started accepting orders for the higher priced Model B on 29 February
   2012,^[271] the lower cost Model A on 4 February 2013.^[272] and the even
   lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.^[104] On 26 November 2015, the
   cheapest Raspberry Pi yet, the Raspberry Pi Zero, was launched at US$5 or
   £4.^[273] According to Upton, the name "Raspberry Pi" was chosen with
   "Raspberry" as an ode to a tradition of naming early computer companies
   after fruit, and "Pi" as a reference to the Python programming
   language.^[274]

  Pre-launchEdit

     * July 2011: Trustee Eben Upton publicly approached the RISC OS Open
       community in July 2011 to enquire about assistance with a port.^[275]
       Adrian Lees at Broadcom has since worked on the port,^[276]^[277] with
       his work being cited in a discussion regarding the graphics
       drivers.^[278] This port is now included in NOOBS.
     * August 2011 – 50 alpha boards are manufactured. These boards were
       functionally identical to the planned Model B,^[279] but they were
       physically larger to accommodate debug headers. Demonstrations of the
       board showed it running the LXDE desktop on Debian, Quake 3 at
       1080p,^[280] and Full HD MPEG-4 video over HDMI.^[281]
     * October 2011 – A version of RISC OS 5 was demonstrated in public, and
       following a year of development the port was released for general
       consumption in November 2012.^[282]^[283]^[284]^[285]
     * December 2011 – Twenty-five Model B Beta boards were assembled and
       tested^[286] from one hundred unpopulated PCBs.^[287] The component
       layout of the Beta boards was the same as on production boards. A
       single error was discovered in the board design where some pins on the
       CPU were not held high; it was fixed for the first production
       run.^[288] The Beta boards were demonstrated booting Linux, playing a
       1080p movie trailer and the Rightware Samurai OpenGL ES
       benchmark.^[289]
     * Early 2012 – During the first week of the year, the first 10 boards
       were put up for auction on eBay.^[290]^[291] One was bought
       anonymously and donated to the museum at The Centre for Computing
       History in Cambridge, England.^[234]^[292] The ten boards (with a
       total retail price of £220) together raised over £16,000,^[293] with
       the last to be auctioned, serial number No. 01, raising £3,500.^[294]
       In advance of the anticipated launch at the end of February 2012, the
       Foundation's servers struggled to cope with the load placed by
       watchers repeatedly refreshing their browsers.^[295]

  LaunchEdit

     * 19 February 2012 – The first proof of concept SD card image that could
       be loaded onto an SD card to produce a preliminary operating system is
       released. The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), with the LXDE
       desktop and the Midori browser, plus various programming tools. The
       image also runs on QEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulated on
       various other platforms.^[296]^[297]
     * 29 February 2012 – Initial sales commence 29 February 2012^[298] at
       06:00 UTC;. At the same time, it was announced that the model A,
       originally to have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to 256 MB
       before release.^[271] The Foundation's website also announced: "Six
       years after the project's inception, we're nearly at the end of our
       first run of development – although it's just the beginning of the
       Raspberry Pi story."^[299] The web-shops of the two licensed
       manufacturers selling Raspberry Pi's within the United Kingdom,
       Premier Farnell and RS Components, had their websites stalled by heavy
       web traffic immediately after the launch (RS Components briefly going
       down completely).^[300]^[301] Unconfirmed reports suggested that there
       were over two million expressions of interest or pre-orders.^[302] The
       official Raspberry Pi Twitter account reported that Premier Farnell
       sold out within a few minutes of the initial launch, while RS
       Components took over 100,000 pre orders on day one.^[271]
       Manufacturers were reported in March 2012 to be taking a "healthy
       number" of pre-orders.^[244]
     * March 2012 – Shipping delays for the first batch were announced in
       March 2012, as the result of installation of an incorrect Ethernet
       port,^[303]^[304] but the Foundation expected that manufacturing
       quantities of future batches could be increased with little difficulty
       if required.^[305] "We have ensured we can get them [the Ethernet
       connectors with magnetics] in large numbers and Premier Farnell and RS
       Components [the two distributors] have been fantastic at helping to
       source components," Upton said. The first batch of 10,000 boards was
       manufactured in Taiwan and China.^[306]^[307]
     * 8 March 2012 – Release Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, the recommended
       Linux distribution,^[308] developed at Seneca College in Canada.^[309]
     * March 2012 – The Debian port is initiated by Mike Thompson, former CTO
       of Atomz. The effort was largely carried out by Thompson and Peter
       Green, a volunteer Debian developer, with some support from the
       Foundation, who tested the resulting binaries that the two produced
       during the early stages (neither Thompson nor Green had physical
       access to the hardware, as boards were not widely accessible at the
       time due to demand).^[310] While the preliminary proof of concept
       image distributed by the Foundation before launch was also
       Debian-based, it differed from Thompson and Green's Raspbian effort in
       a couple of ways. The POC image was based on then-stable Debian
       Squeeze, while Raspbian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezy
       packages.^[297] Aside from the updated packages that would come with
       the new release, Wheezy was also set to introduce the armhf
       architecture,^[311] which became the raison d'être for the Raspbian
       effort. The Squeeze-based POC image was limited to the armel
       architecture, which was, at the time of Squeeze's release, the latest
       attempt by the Debian project to have Debian run on the newest ARM
       embedded-application binary interface (EABI).^[312] The armhf
       architecture in Wheezy intended to make Debian run on the ARM VFP
       hardware floating-point unit, while armel was limited to emulating
       floating point operations in software.^[313]^[314] Since the Raspberry
       Pi included a VFP, being able to make use of the hardware unit would
       result in performance gains and reduced power use for floating point
       operations.^[310] The armhf effort in mainline Debian, however, was
       orthogonal to the work surrounding the Pi and only intended to allow
       Debian to run on ARMv7 at a minimum, which would mean the Pi, an ARMv6
       device, would not benefit.^[311] As a result, Thompson and Green set
       out to build the 19,000 Debian packages for the device using a custom
       build cluster.^[310]

  Post-launchEdit

     * 16 April 2012 – Reports appear from the first buyers who had received
       their Raspberry Pi.^[315]^[316]
     * 20 April 2012 – The schematics for the Model A and Model B are
       released.^[317]
     * 18 May 2012 – The Foundation reported on its blog about a prototype
       camera module they had tested.^[318] The prototype used a 14-megapixel
       module.
     * 22 May 2012 – Over 20,000 units had been shipped.^[319]
     * July 2012 – Release of Raspbian.^[320]
     * 16 July 2012 – It was announced that 4,000 units were being
       manufactured per day, allowing Raspberry Pis to be bought in
       bulk.^[321]^[322]
     * 24 August 2012 – Hardware accelerated video (H.264) encoding becomes
       available after it became known that the existing licence also covered
       encoding. Formerly it was thought that encoding would be added with
       the release of the announced camera module.^[323]^[324] However, no
       stable software exists for hardware H.264 encoding.^[325] At the same
       time the Foundation released two additional codecs that can be bought
       separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1. Also it was announced that
       the Pi will implement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the
       television's remote control.^[150]
     * 5 September 2012 – The Foundation announced a second revision of the
       Raspberry Pi Model B.^[326] A revision 2.0 board is announced, with a
       number of minor corrections and improvements.^[327]
     * 6 September 2012 – Announcement that in future the bulk of Raspberry
       Pi units would be manufactured in the UK, at Sony's manufacturing
       facility in Pencoed, Wales. The Foundation estimated that the plant
       would produce 30,000 units per month, and would create about 30 new
       jobs.^[328]^[329]
     * 15 October 2012 – It is announced that new Raspberry Pi Model Bs are
       to be fitted with 512 MB instead of 256 MB RAM.^[330]
     * 24 October 2012 – The Foundation announces that "all of the VideoCore
       driver code which runs on the ARM" had been released as free software
       under a BSD-style licence, making it "the first ARM-based multimedia
       SoC with fully-functional, vendor-provided (as opposed to partial,
       reverse engineered) fully open-source drivers", although this claim
       has not been universally accepted.^[191] On 28 February 2014, they
       also announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV
       graphics core, and a complete source release of the graphics stack
       under a 3-clause BSD licence^[331]^[332]
     * October 2012 – It was reported that some customers of one of the two
       main distributors had been waiting more than six months for their
       orders. This was reported to be due to difficulties in sourcing the
       CPU and conservative sales forecasting by this distributor.^[333]
     * 17 December 2012 – The Foundation, in collaboration with IndieCity and
       Velocix, opens the Pi Store, as a "one-stop shop for all your
       Raspberry Pi (software) needs". Using an application included in
       Raspbian, users can browse through several categories and download
       what they want. Software can also be uploaded for moderation and
       release.^[334]
     * 3 June 2013 – "New Out of Box Software" or NOOBS is introduced. This
       makes the Raspberry Pi easier to use by simplifying the installation
       of an operating system. Instead of using specific software to prepare
       an SD card, a file is unzipped and the contents copied over to a FAT
       formatted (4 GB or bigger) SD card. That card can then be booted on
       the Raspberry Pi and a choice of six operating systems is presented
       for installation on the card. The system also contains a recovery
       partition that allows for the quick restoration of the installed OS,
       tools to modify the config.txt and an online help button and web
       browser which directs to the Raspberry Pi Forums.^[335]
     * October 2013 – The Foundation announces that the one millionth Pi had
       been manufactured in the United Kingdom.^[336]
     * November 2013: they announce that the two millionth Pi shipped between
       24 and 31 October.^[337]
     * 28 February 2014 – On the day of the second anniversary of the
       Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, together with the Raspberry Pi foundation,
       announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV
       graphics core,^[clarification needed] and a complete source release of
       the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD licence.^[331]^[332]

   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Raspberry Pi Compute Module
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Raspberry Pi Model B
   [IMG] 
   Enlarge
   Compute Module 4
     * 7 April 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry
       Pi Compute Module, a device in a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM-configured
       memory module (though not in any way compatible with such RAM),
       intended for consumer electronics designers to use as the core of
       their own products.^[114]
     * June 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog mentioned that the three
       millionth Pi shipped in early May 2014.^[338]
     * 14 July 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry
       Pi Model B+, "the final evolution of the original Raspberry Pi. For
       the same price as the original Raspberry Pi model B, but incorporating
       numerous small improvements people have been asking for".^[105]
     * 10 November 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the
       Raspberry Pi Model A+.^[104] It is the smallest and cheapest (US$20)
       Raspberry Pi so far and has the same processor and RAM as the Model A.
       Like the A, it has no Ethernet port, and only one USB port, but does
       have the other innovations of the B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card
       slot, and 40-pin HAT compatible GPIO.
     * 2 February 2015 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the
       Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like a Model B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core
       ARMv7 Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of 1 GB) and
       complete compatibility with the original generation of Raspberry
       Pis.^[339]
     * 14 May 2015 – The price of Model B+ was decreased from US$35 to $25,
       purportedly as a "side effect of the production optimizations" from
       the Pi 2 development.^[340] Industry observers have sceptically noted,
       however, that the price drop appeared to be a direct response to the
       CHIP, a lower-priced competitor discontinued in April 2017.^[341]
     * 29 September 2015 – A new version of the Raspbian operating system,
       based on Debian Jessie, is released.^[342]
     * 26 November 2015 – The Raspberry Pi Foundation launched the Raspberry
       Pi Zero, the smallest and cheapest member of the Raspberry Pi family
       yet, at 65 mm × 30 mm, and US$5. The Zero is similar to the Model A+
       without camera and LCD connectors, while smaller and uses less power.
       It was given away with the Raspberry Pi magazine Magpi No. 40 that was
       distributed in the UK and US that day – the MagPi was sold out at
       almost every retailer internationally due to the freebie.^[8]
     * 29 February 2016 – Raspberry Pi 3 with a BCM2837 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad
       processor based on the ARMv8 Cortex-A53, with built-in Wi-Fi BCM43438
       802.11n 2.4 GHz and Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy (BLE). Starting with a
       32-bit Raspbian version, with a 64-bit version later to come if "there
       is value in moving to 64-bit mode". In the same announcement it was
       said that a new BCM2837 based Compute Module was expected to be
       introduced a few months later.^[66]
     * February 2016 – The Raspberry Pi Foundation announces that they had
       sold eight million devices (for all models combined), making it the
       best-selling UK personal computer, ahead of the Amstrad
       PCW.^[343]^[66] Sales reached ten million in September 2016.^[18]
     * 25 April 2016 – Raspberry Pi Camera v2.1 announced with 8 Mpixels, in
       normal and NoIR (can receive IR) versions. The camera uses the Sony
       IMX219 chip with a resolution of 3280 × 2464. To make use of the new
       resolution the software has to be updated.^[344]
     * 10 October 2016 – NEC Display Solutions announces that select models
       of commercial displays to be released in early 2017 will incorporate a
       Raspberry Pi 3 Compute Module.^[345]
     * 14 October 2016 – Raspberry Pi Foundation announces their co-operation
       with NEC Display Solutions. They expect that the Raspberry Pi 3
       Compute Module will be available to the general public by the end of
       2016.^[346]
     * 25 November 2016 – 11 million units sold.^[347]
     * 16 January 2017 – Compute Module 3 and Compute Module 3 Lite are
       launched.^[110]
     * 28 February 2017 – Raspberry Pi Zero W with WiFi and Bluetooth via
       chip scale antennas launched.^[348]^[349]
     * 17 August 2017 – The Raspbian operating system is upgraded to a new
       version, based on Debian Stretch.^[350]
     * 14 March 2018 – On Pi Day, Raspberry Pi Foundation introduced
       Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ with improvements in the Raspberry PI 3B
       computers performance, updated version of the Broadcom application
       processor, better wireless Wi-Fi and Bluetooth performance and
       addition of the 5 GHz band.^[351]
     * 15 November 2018 – Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ launched.^[352]
     * 28 January 2019 – Compute Module 3+ (CM3+/Lite, CM3+/8 GB, CM3+/16 GB
       and CM3+/32 GB) launched.^[111]
     * 24 June 2019 – Raspberry Pi 4 Model B launched,^[1] along with a new
       version of the Raspbian operating system based on Debian Buster.^[353]
     * 10 December 2019 – 30 million units sold;^[354] sales are about 6
       million per year.^[355]^[356]
     * 28 May 2020 – An 8GB version of the Raspberry Pi 4 is announced for
       $75.^[357] Raspberry Pi OS is split off from Raspbian, and now
       includes a beta of a 64-bit version that allows programs to use more
       than 4GB of RAM.^[358]
     * 19 October 2020 – Compute Module 4 launched.^[359]
     * 2 November 2020 – Raspberry Pi 400 launched. It is a keyboard which
       incorporates Raspberry Pi 4 into it. GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi 4
       are accessible.^[360]
     * 21 January 2021 – Raspberry Pi Pico launched. It is the first
       microcontroller-class product from Raspberry Pi. It is based on RP2040
       Microcontroller developed by Raspberry Pi.^[40]
     * 11 May 2021 – 40 million units sold.^[361]
     * 30 October 2021 – Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) is updated
       version 11, based on Debian Bullseye.^[362] With this release, the
       default clock speed for revision 1.4 of the Raspberry Pi 4 is
       increased to 1.8 GHz.^[32]

SalesEdit

   According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, more than 5 million Raspberry
   Pis were sold by February 2015, making it the best-selling British
   computer.^[363] By November 2016 they had sold 11 million
   units,^[347]^[364] and 12.5 million by March 2017, making it the third
   best-selling "general purpose computer".^[365] In July 2017, sales reached
   nearly 15 million,^[366] climbing to 19 million in March 2018.^[26] By
   December 2019, a total of 30 million devices had been
   sold.^[367]^[non-primary source needed]

See alsoEdit

     * icon Electronics portal
     * Single-board computer
     * Plug computer

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Further readingEdit

     * Raspberry Pi For Dummies; Sean McManus and Mike Cook; 2013;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1118554210.
     * Getting Started with Raspberry Pi; Matt Richardson and Shawn Wallace;
       2013;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1449344214.
     * Raspberry Pi User Guide; Eben Upton and Gareth Halfacree; 2014;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1118921661.
     * Hello Raspberry Pi!; Ryan Heitz; 2016;
       Link: mw-deduplicated-inline-style
       ISBN 978-1617292453.

External linksEdit

   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raspberry Pi. 

     * Official website Edit this at Wikidata 
     * Raspberry Pi, Department of Computer Science and Technology,
       University of Cambridge
     * Raspberry Pi Wiki, supported by the RPF
     * The MagPi Magazine
     * "Raspberry Pi pinout" – board GPIO pinout
     * "Raspberry Pi component map" Archived 7 June 2019 at the Wayback
       Machine
     * "RaspberryPi Boards: Hardware versions/revisions"
     * ARM1176JZF-S (ARM11 CPU Core) Technical Reference Manual, ARM Ltd.
   Retrieved from
   "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raspberry_Pi&oldid=1081586700"
   Last edited on 8 April 2022, at 10:46
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